. 2023 Feb 26;16:100517. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100517

Table 5.

Possible One Health framework for rodent-borne pathogen surveillance and control to combat future epidemics in Qatar.

Risk assessment	One Health surveillance and pathogen control program
Rodents: • Four species of rodents: Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, and Jaculus jaculus Other animals: • Livestock farms keep multispecies animals at a close proximity Humans: • Multinational population, majority are from South Asia Environment: • Vectors, such as Xenopsylla cheopis, X. astia, Ornithonyssus bacoti are available Pathogens: • Risk of transboundary rodent-borne zoonoses entry with live animal trade, food, and agricultural products from endemic countries • 45 rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens (18 parasites, 23 bacteria, and 4 virus) • Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of the rodent-borne zoonoses are unknown • No national guideline for rodent and rodent-borne pathogen control • No national guideline for livestock and agricultural farm biosecurity practices	Detect: • Early detection of rodent-borne pathogen epidemics • Rodent population demography, habitat, abundance, and overload • Biology and epidemiology of the rodent-borne zoonoses, and risk mapping Prevent: • Reduce rodent overload • Prevent rodent infestation in the farms, residential, commercial, and industrial areas • Combat rodent-borne zoonoses Respond: • Outbreak investigation and surveillance for rodent-borne zoonoses • Early preparedness of any outbreak or epidemic • Rodent-borne zoonoses management	One Health team: • Multisectoral involvement, such as medical, veterinary, and environment specialists • The associated stakeholders from community, lobby groups, media, and policy makers Local capacity building: • Capacity building for surveillance and monitoring • Strengthen research collaboration • Disease modeling and translating research findings to field application Support of One Health movement: • Activate the National Outbreak Control Task Force of Qatar or strengthen it • Approve supportive legislation, timeline, and budget	• Integrated pest management policy development and implementation • Biosecurity policy development and implementation • Border control • Vaccination • Development of awareness • Rapid response • Consider the local socio-economic, cultural, and spiritual factors in One Health policy making

Risk assessment

One Health surveillance and pathogen control program

Risks

Goals

Surveillance

Intervention

Rodents:

•
Four species of rodents: Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, and Jaculus jaculus

Other animals:

•
Livestock farms keep multispecies animals at a close proximity

Humans:

•
Multinational population, majority are from South Asia

Environment:

•
Vectors, such as Xenopsylla cheopis, X. astia, Ornithonyssus bacoti are available

Pathogens:

•
Risk of transboundary rodent-borne zoonoses entry with live animal trade, food, and agricultural products from endemic countries
•
45 rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens (18 parasites, 23 bacteria, and 4 virus)
•
Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of the rodent-borne zoonoses are unknown
•
No national guideline for rodent and rodent-borne pathogen control
•
No national guideline for livestock and agricultural farm biosecurity practices

Detect:

•
Early detection of rodent-borne pathogen epidemics
•
Rodent population demography, habitat, abundance, and overload
•
Biology and epidemiology of the rodent-borne zoonoses, and risk mapping

Prevent:

•
Reduce rodent overload
•
Prevent rodent infestation in the farms, residential, commercial, and industrial areas
•
Combat rodent-borne zoonoses

Respond:

•
Outbreak investigation and surveillance for rodent-borne zoonoses
•
Early preparedness of any outbreak or epidemic
•
Rodent-borne zoonoses management

One Health team:

•
Multisectoral involvement, such as medical, veterinary, and environment specialists
•
The associated stakeholders from community, lobby groups, media, and policy makers

Local capacity building:

•
Capacity building for surveillance and monitoring
•
Strengthen research collaboration
•
Disease modeling and translating research findings to field application

Support of One Health movement:

•
Activate the National Outbreak Control Task Force of Qatar or strengthen it
•
Approve supportive legislation, timeline, and budget

•
Integrated pest management policy development and implementation
•
Biosecurity policy development and implementation
•
Border control
•
Vaccination
•
Development of awareness
•
Rapid response
•
Consider the local socio-economic, cultural, and spiritual factors in One Health policy making