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. 2023 Jun 23;20:148. doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02819-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Lcn2 deficiency alleviates pyroptosis in astrocytes induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. a, d Double-IF staining for GFAP (green) and GSDMD (red) in vivo and in vitro. Scale bar = 20 μm. b, c, e, f WB analysis of GSDMD protein expression in the penumbra tissue and cultured astrocytes. Data are mean ± SD; n = 5 per group; ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 for MCAO-operated group vs. corresponding sham-operated group or OGD/R-cells vs. corresponding control cells; ^###P < 0.001. g Representative TEM images of astrocytes in peri-infarct brain tissue. Red arrows indicate pyroptosis pores on the cell membrane. Scale bar = 5 μm and 1 μm for magnified images. h, i IL-1β and IL-18 secretion into supernatants measured by ELISA. Data are mean ± SD; n = 3 per group; ***P < 0.001 for OGD/R-cells vs. corresponding control cells; ^###P < 0.001, ^##P < 0.01