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. 2023 Jun 9;11:1195908. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195908

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Copyright © 2023 Song, Madewell, Liu, Longini and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overall vaccine effectiveness of full doses and first booster against severe events. (A) Pooled VE of full doses estimated from all 24 studies combined as well as for each vaccine type. (B) Pooled VE of first booster estimated from all 28 studies combined as well as for each vaccine type. Statistics Cochran's Q, I² and τ² measure the heterogeneity between studies. Possible end points of the studies are hospitalization (H), hospitalization or death (H/D), emergency department or urgent care encounter (ED/UC), or hospital admissions from emergency care (EC → H). Mixed vaccine type indicates the study reported VEs of these vaccines combined without distinguishing between them.