Table 2.
Associations of COVID-19 severity, medical co-morbidities, and demographics with persistence beyond acute COVID-19 resolution and duration of any symptoms among all symptomatic participants
| Persistence beyond acute COVID-19 resolution |
Symptom duration |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Comparison*
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
P-value
|
q-value†
|
GMR
|
95% CI
|
P-value
|
q-value†
|
|
| COVID-19 Severity (overall test) |
- |
- |
0.017‡ |
0.057‡ |
- |
- |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
|
| NIOR vs NOR |
1.67‡ |
1.13-2.48‡ |
0.011‡ |
0.041‡ |
1.48‡ |
1.27-1.72‡ |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
|
| IOR vs NOR |
1.96 |
0.94-4.07 |
0.071 |
0.141 |
1.5‡ |
1.14-1.96‡ |
0.003‡ |
0.01‡ |
|
| IOR vs NIOR |
1.17 |
0.55-2.5 |
0.679 |
0.764 |
1.01 |
0.77-1.34 |
0.923 |
0.923 |
|
| Age (>55 vs 18-55) |
1.14 |
0.76-1.7 |
0.525 |
0.745 |
1.12 |
0.96-1.31 |
0.136 |
0.261 |
|
| Sex at birth (male vs female) |
0.92 |
0.63-1.33 |
0.647 |
0.764 |
0.92 |
0.8-1.06 |
0.24 |
0.368 |
|
| BMI (≥30 vs <30) |
1.08 |
0.74-1.56 |
0.698 |
0.764 |
1.1 |
0.95-1.27 |
0.19 |
0.312 |
|
| COPD/emphysema/asthma |
1.83 |
0.96-3.58 |
0.067 |
0.141 |
1.55‡ |
1.21-1.98‡ |
0.001‡ |
0.002‡ |
|
| Diabetes |
1.16 |
0.71-1.92 |
0.55 |
0.745 |
1.05 |
0.86-1.28 |
0.636 |
0.731 |
|
| Hypertension |
1.11 |
0.72-1.7 |
0.641 |
0.764 |
0.93 |
0.79-1.11 |
0.43 |
0.55 |
|
| HIV/AIDS |
0.84 |
0.49-1.44 |
0.526 |
0.745 |
1.03 |
0.83-1.27 |
0.818 |
0.855 |
|
| Prolonged viral shedding |
1.98 |
0.94-4.28 |
0.074 |
0.141 |
1.17 |
0.88-1.55 |
0.279 |
0.401 |
|
| Current cigarettes/marijuana smoker |
0.79 |
0.41-1.51 |
0.475 |
0.745 |
0.89 |
0.69-1.15 |
0.374 |
0.506 |
|
| Ever cigarettes/marijuana smoker |
1.33 |
0.87-2.02 |
0.191 |
0.338 |
1.02 |
0.87-1.2 |
0.779 |
0.853 |
|
| Non-Hispanic Black vs Non-Hispanic White |
0.46‡ |
0.23-0.9‡ |
0.024‡ |
0.069‡ |
0.81 |
0.62-1.06 |
0.129 |
0.261 |
|
| Others vs Non-Hispanic White |
1.09 |
0.54-2.21 |
0.819 |
0.819 |
1.11 |
0.84-1.47 |
0.456 |
0.552 |
|
| Region (overall test) |
- |
- |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
- |
- |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
|
| USA vs Peru |
8.95‡ |
5.25-15.72‡ |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
1.85‡ |
1.53-2.24‡ |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
|
| Non-RSA vs RSA |
1.07 |
0.61-1.86 |
0.814 |
0.819 |
1.32‡ |
1.05-1.66‡ |
0.02‡ |
0.05‡ |
|
| RSA vs Peru |
4.35‡ |
2.59-7.51‡ |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
1.14 |
0.95-1.38 |
0.15 |
0.266 |
|
| Non-RSA vs Peru |
4.65‡ |
2.44- 9.02‡ |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
1.51‡ |
1.18-1.92‡ |
0.001‡ |
0.004‡ |
|
| RSA vs USA |
0.49‡ |
0.31-0.75‡ |
0.001‡ |
0.005‡ |
0.62‡ |
0.52-0.74‡ |
<0.001‡ |
<0.001‡ |
|
| Non-RSA vs USA | 0.52‡ | 0.29-0.94‡ | 0.029‡ | 0.074‡ | 0.81 |
0.64-1.04 | 0.093 | 0.214 | |
NOR – no oxygen requirement; NIOR – non-invasive oxygen requirement, IOR – invasive oxygen requirement, RSA – Republic of South Africa, CI – confidence interval, OR – odds ratio, GMR – geometric mean ratio, BMI – body mass index, HIV – human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
*Adjusted for a set of confounders (COVID-19 severity, age, sex assigned at birth, and region). For COVID-19 severity, age, sex assigned at birth, and region, the comparison was adjusted for the rest of confounders. Overall test for COVID-19 severity and region was done using Wald-test.
†Adjusted for multiple comparisons to control false discovery rate.
‡Values for significant with P-value ≤0.05 and q-value ≤0.2.