Table 2.
Studies reporting cognitive results after capsulotomies
| Authors | Assessment times (months) | Cognitive measures (score) | Pre-score | Post-score | Cognitive outcome | Significance | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention | ||||||||||
| Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | Digit span test (forward)a | 10.2 (2.3) | 10.1 (2.5)b | Not interpretable | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Visuospatial abilities | ||||||||||
| Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 |
FITa Kohs’ block testa BVRT (number correct)a BVRT (number error)a |
Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
| Oliver et al. (2003) | B, 6, 12 | TMT(A) | 34.33 | 33.5b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 | TMT(A) | 76.4 (45.08) | 70.8 (72.42)e | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 |
TMT(A) BJLOT ROCFT (Copy) |
54.56 (29.90) 24.08 (3.37) 31.82(3.79) |
42.06 (19) 23.42 (3.12) 33.32 (8.19) |
No changes except for TMT(A) – improvement | No sign. (p > 0.05) except TMT(A) | ||||
| Peker et al. (2020) | B, 6 | TMT(A) | 28.5 (10.1) | 24.4 (8.71) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 |
ROCFT (copy) TMT(A) WAIS-III (block design subtest) WAIS-III (picture completion subtest) |
32 (2.19) 40.5 (17.57) 32.57 (13.84) 18.09 (3.81) |
32.17 (2.95) 38.25 (13.37) 38.2 (12.66) 19.25 (2.96) |
No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Memory (general) | ||||||||||
| Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 |
CMMT (object)a CMMT (word-pair)a CMMT (fig fact)a |
Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
| Rück et al. (2008) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Memory problems | Not applicable | ||||
| Jung et al. (2014) | B, 6 | RKMT (memory quotient)a | 99.8 (4.9) | 106 (10.9) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Zhan et al. (2014) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Impaired memory and confusion | Not applicable | ||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Temporal and spatial disorientation | Not applicable | ||||
| Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | RKMT (memory quotient)a | 94.1 (13.9) | 103.3 (13.3)b | Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
| Verbal memory | ||||||||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 |
HVLT-R (total recall) HVLT-R (delayed recall) HVLT-R (recognition hits) HVLT-R (learning) WMS-R (logical memory subtest, immediate recall) WMS-R (logical memory subtest, delayed recall) |
24.08 (5.89) 7.67 (3.06) 10.92 (1.31) 4 (1.86) 22.18 (7.59) 17.88 (7.66) |
23.50 (4.62) 7.67 (3.17) 11.33 (1.07) 2.92 (3.06) 24.18 (7.33) 21.47 (8.86) |
No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 |
WMS-R (logical memory subtest, immediate recall) WMS-R (logical memory subtest, delayed recall) |
17.21 (5.62) 14.79 (6.10) |
22.86 (5.52)e 20.00 (6.00)e |
Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) except for delayed recall of WMS-R | ||||
| Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 |
RAVLT (trials 1–5) RAVLT (long delay-free recall) |
45.75 (12.7) 8.33 (3.52) |
49.8 (12.12) 8.92 (3.55) |
No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Visual memory | ||||||||||
| Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 |
BVRT (number correct)a BVRT (number error)a |
Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
| Oliver et al. (2003) | B, 6, 12 |
WMS-R (recent visual memory) WMS-R (recall visual memory) |
40.97 37.95 |
44.54e 37.53e |
No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 |
ROCFT (delayed recall) BVMT-R (total recall) BVMT-R (delayed recall) BVMT-R (discrimination index) BVMT-R (learning) |
9.82 (7.45) 17.82 (5.88) 7.27 (2.37) 4.45 (1.29) 4.36 (2.38) |
14.5 (7.68) 21.45 (8.86) 8.36 (2.98) 4.91 (1.81) 3.64 (2.25) |
No changes except ROCFT (delayed recall) – improvement | No sign. (p > 0.05) except ROCFT – delayed recall | ||||
| Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 |
WMS-R (immediate visual reproduction) WMS-R (delayed visual reproduction) |
9.79 (3.89) 8.57 (3.69) |
13.36 (0.63)e 12.21 (1.67)e |
Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
| Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 |
ROCFT (immediate recall) ROCFT (delayed recall) |
15.86 (5.26) 16.05 (5.44) |
20.04 (7.12) 20.29 (7.12) |
Improvement | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
| Language | ||||||||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 |
BNT WASI (vocabulary subtest) WASI (similarities subtest) |
53.36 (5.37) 46.47 (11.92) 32.31 (6.57) |
54.42 (5.42) 53.53 (9.45) 34.82 (8.07) |
No changes except WASI (vocabulary) – improvement | No sign. (p > 0.05) except WASI (vocabulary) | ||||
| Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 | WASI (similarities subtest) | 17.57 (2.85) | 17.35 (2.59)e | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | WAIS-III (similarities subtest) | 24.5 (5.14) | 24.67 (4.48) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Working memory | ||||||||||
| Oliver et al. (2003) | B, 6, 12 | TMT(B) | 35.94 | 40.43b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Rück et al. (2008)f | B, 129 | WAIS – R NI—digit spana | 47 (8.6) | 41 (10.3) | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
| Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 |
Corsi spatial working memory test TMT(B) |
3.4 (0.74) 229.4 (137.89) |
3.2 (1.03)b 201.6 (100.33)b |
No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 |
TMT(B) TMT(B) (errors) |
135.38 (76.6) 0.64 (1.03) |
136.19 (79.3) 0.82 (0.87) |
No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Peker et al. (2020) | B, 6 | TMT(B) | 53.5 (14.4) | 50.7 (12.4) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Krámska et al. (2021) | B,6 |
TMT(B) WAIS-III (arithmetic subtest) WAIS-III (digit span subtest) |
87.08 (40.54) 14.36 (3.64) 15.67 (4.44) |
74.25 (43.62) 15 (3.59) 16.25 (4.27) |
No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Executive functions | ||||||||||
| Rück et al. (2008)f |
B, 129 Not reported |
WCST Subjective complaints: EAD scale and subjective reports |
41 (9.9) Not applicable |
29 (13.9) Not applicable |
Not interpretable Executive dysfunction, apathy, and disinhibition |
Not reported Not applicable |
||||
| Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 |
CST-A (right concept)a CST-B (perseverative errors)a IGT (selection from disadvantageous desks)a IGT (selection from advantageous desks)a Stroop test (interference scale, time)a |
3 (1.22) 3.6 (1.67) 57.4 (20.32) 42.6 (20.32) 39.6 (12.97) |
5 (1)e 2.8 (1.3)e 50.6 (13.81)b 49.2 (13.71)b 35 (19.44)e |
No changes except for CST-A (improvementd) and stroop test (interference scale, time) (not interpretable) | No sign. (p > 0.05) except for CST-A (right concept) and stroop test (interference scale, time) | ||||
| Jung et al. (2014) | B, 6 | Stroop test (numbers per second)a | 0.87 (0.4) | 0.91 (0.3) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Zhan et al. (2014) | Not reported | Subjective complaints: subjective reports | Not applicable | Not applicable | Mild hypersexuality, apathy, initiative, and lack of interest-related problems | Not applicable | ||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) |
B, 24 Not reported |
VST (stroop 1 – time) VST (stroop 2 – time) VST (stroop 3 – time) VST (effect-time) WCST (64 cards) (hits) WCST (64 cards) (categories) WCST (64 cards) (set-loss) WCST (64 cards) (perseverative responses) WCST (64 cards) (perseverative errors) WCST (64 cards) (non-perseverative errors) ROCFT (planning score)a TMT (effect–time) Subjective complaints |
15.56 (3.09) 18.81 (5.26) 30.95 (7.75) 15.39 (6.13) 41.53 (8.64) 2.6 (1.18) 0.6 (0.63) 4.47 (9.99) 4.07 (8.96) 18.4 (8.54) 2.55 (1.44) 80.81 (56.90) Not applicable |
15.82 (3.29) 18.66 (4.32) 28.94 (6.48) 13.12 (3.77) 45.63 (7.34) 3.13 (1.36) 0.19 (0.4) 3.56 (6.97) 3.19 (6.02) 15.31 (6.57) 2.91 (1.81) 94.13 (69.30) Not applicable |
No changes except WCST (hits) and TMT (effect-time) – improvement Disinhibition |
No sign. (p > 0.05) except WCST (hits) and TMT (effect-time) Not applicable |
||||
| Gong et al. (2018) |
B, 1, 3, 6, 12 Not reported |
WCST (correct) WCST (errors) WCST (perseverative errors) WCST (non-perseverative errors) WCST (categories) Subjective complaints: subjective reports |
24.93 (7.5) 23.07 (7.5) 16.86 (9.53) 6.21 (2.36) 3.86 (1.56) Not applicable |
33.29 (5.7)e 14.71 (5.7)e 6.86 (5.86)e 7.86 (1.96)e 5.14 (0.95)e Not applicable |
Improvementd except for WCST – (non-perseverative errors) – no changesd Childish behavior, sexual disinhibition, lack of interest, decreased motivation, inappropriate laughter |
Sign. (p < 0.05) except in WCST (non-perseverative errors) Not applicable |
||||
| Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | KCWST (mean reaction time for correct trials)a | 1.25 (0.32) | 1.30 (0.48)b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Peker et al. (2020) | B, 6 |
Stroop test (word score) Stroop test (color score) Stroop test (color-word score) |
81.2 (8.83) 51.6 (7.91) 35.4 (4.71) |
82.2 (7.72) 52.2 (6.73) 36.9 (8.11) |
No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Kassell et al. (2022) | B, 6, 12, 24–48, ≥ 60 |
WCST (128 cards) (perseverative errors) WCST (128 cards) (learning to learn) FrSBe (self-score) (item 13) FrSBe (family score) (item 13) |
21.94 2.77 Not reportedc Not reportedc |
20.30b 4.15b Not reportedc Not reportedc |
Not interpretable No changesd |
Not reported No sign. (p > 0.05) |
||||
| Verbal fluency | ||||||||||
| Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 |
Verbal fluency test (number of words)a Verbal fluency test (perseverative errors)a Category fluency test (intrusion errors)a |
32.4 (3.78) 1 (1) 0.6 (0.89) |
46.4 (10.73)e 1.8 (4.02)e 2.6 (2.51)e |
Improvementd in VFT – (number of words) No changesd in VFT – (pers.errors) Worseningd in CFT-(intrusion errors) |
Sign. (p < 0.05) except in VFT (pers. errors) | ||||
| Jung et al. (2014) | B, 6 |
COWAT (phonemic portion) COWAT (semantic portion) |
38 (16.8) 19.3 (6.8) |
37 (16.3) 20.3 (3.3) |
No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 |
COWAT (phonemic) COWAT (semantic) |
35.5 (15) 19.5 (6.4) |
38.2 (20.6)b 18.3 (5.8)b |
No changesd No changesd |
No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | COWAT (phonemic fluency) | 37.58 (11.79) | 36.75 (9.95) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Information processing speed | ||||||||||
| Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | Digit symbol from WAIS-III | 47 (13.08) | 53.25 (15.05) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Intelligence | ||||||||||
| Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 |
SRB-Test – synonymsa SRB-Test – reasoninga |
Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
| Oliver et al. (2003) | B, 6, 12 |
Koh’s cubes WAIS (IQ) |
44.83 98.88 |
41e 93.77e |
No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Csigó et al. (2010) | B, 1, 6, 12, 24 | MAWI (Weshcler intelligence quotient)a | 91.8 (10.94) | 107.8 (7.04)e | Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
| Jung et al. (2014) | B, 6 | K-WAIS | 97.8 (21.7) | 101 (23.8) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Zhan et al. (2014) | B, 2w, 12, 36, 60 | WAIS | Not reported | Not reported | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 |
WASI (verbal IQ) WASI (performance IQ) WASI (total IQ) WASI (block design subtest) WASI (matrix reasoning subtest) |
91.38 (16.76) 89 (9.93) 90.74 (13.83) 29.31 (13.33) 20.41 (7.45) |
97.41 (15.93) 93.25 (11.48) 94.13 (13.74) 31.38 (4.25) 21.82 (10.84) |
Improvement for WASI (performance IQ, total IQ), and block Design subtest No changes for WASI (verbal IQ) and matrix reasoning subtest |
Sign. (p < 0.05) except for WASI verbal IQ and matrix reasoning | ||||
| Gong et al. (2018) | B, 1, 3, 6, 12 | WASI (block design subtest) | 31.50 (10.76) | 40.36 (9.57)e | Improvementd | Sign. (p < 0.05) | ||||
| Kim et al. (2018) | B, 6, 12, 24 | K-WAISa | 90.0 (19.3) | 93.5 (19.7)b | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Krámska et al. (2021) | B, 6 | WAIS-III (full-scale intelligence quotient) | 101.82 (11.17) | 102.83 (11.13) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Motor functioning | ||||||||||
| Fodstad et al. (1982) | B, 6 | Zeal testa | Not reportedc | Not reportedc | Not interpretable | Not reported | ||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 |
GPT – dominant hand – time GPT – dominant hand – errors GPT – non-dominant hand – time GPT – non-dominant hand—errors HFTT – dominant hand HFTT – non-dominant hand HD – dominant hand HD – non-dominant hand |
87.39 (17.25) 0.45 (0.52) 95.24 (19.5) 0.55 (0.82) 47.79 (9.48) 43.66 (7.09) 28.85 (8) 25.72 (8.39) |
79.27 (18.89) 0.36 (0.67) 97.91 (32.05) 0.55 (0.69) 48.06 (9.06) 44.58 (6.17) 28.8 (8.19) 28.88 (8.42) |
No changes except for GPT (dominant hand – time), and HD (non-dominant hand scores) – improvement |
No sign. (p > 0.05) except GPT (dominant hand – time), and HD (non-dominant hand scores) | ||||
| Overall cognitive functioning | ||||||||||
| Zhan et al. (2014) | B, 2w, 12, 36, 60 | MMSE | Not reported | Not reported | No changesd | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Batistuzzo et al. (2015) | B, 24 | MMSE | 91.94 (6.23) | 92.69 (7.20) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
| Peker et al. (2020) | B, 6 | ACER (total score) | 82.4 (7.2) | 84.8 (8.6) | No changes | No sign. (p > 0.05) | ||||
B, baseline; FIT, figure identification test; BVRT, Benton’s visual retention test; TMT, trail making test; BJLOT, Benton judgement of line orientation test; ROCFT, Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test; WAIS-III, Weschler adult intelligence scale 3rd revision; CMMT, Cronholm-Molander memory test; RKMT, Rey-Kim memory test; HVLT-R, Hopkins verbal learning test-revised; WMS-R, Weschler memory scale-revised; RAVLT, Rey auditory verbal learning test; BVMT-R, brief visuospatial memory test-revised; BNT, Boston naming test; WASI, Weschler abbreviated scale of intelligence; WAIS-R NI, Weschler adult intelligence scale-revised as a neuropsychological instrument; WCST, Wisconsin card sorting test; EAD, execution, apathy and disinhibition scale; CST, California sorting test; IGT, Iowa gambling test; VST, Victoria stroop test; KCWST, Korean colour word stroop test; FrSBe, frontal systems behavior scale; COWAT, controlled association word association test; WAIS, Weschler adult intelligence scale; MAWI, Hungarian version of the Weschler intelligence test; K-WAIS, Weschler adult intelligence scale – Korean version; GPT, grooved pegboard test; HFTT, Halstead finger tapping test; HD, hand dynamometer; MMSE, mini mental state examination; ACER, Addenbrooke cognitive examination revised
aAs the authors reported in the original article
bPost-score at the first post-assessment date
cNot results of the group; individual data is reported
dConsidering all post-assessments reported in the article
ePost-score at the last post-assessment date
fResults of a subsample, n = 7