Table 3.
Figures of merit of most recent literature regarding the analysis of aromatic amines from urine samples. Ranges reported correspond to the minimum and maximum values from different analytes and/or concentration levels. Data in parentheses indicate missing experimental information needed for its interpretation
| Der. reagent | Injection technique | Volume/SPME fiber | Instrument | Calibration range (ng/L) | LOD (ng/L) | Recovery (%) | Intra-day precision (%) | Inter-day precision (%) | Concentration in real samples | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HI | HS-SPME | 110 μm PDMS/DVB | GC–MS | 100–1200 | 3–122 | n.r | 3–12 | n.r | NS: n.d., S: n.d.–243 ng/L | [18] |
| No | LI | 5 µL | LC–MS/MS (MRM) | 100–50,000 | 25–5002 | 75–114a | 1.6–11.7 | 2.1–15.9 | U: n.d.–1.5, S: n.d.–3.47 µg/L | [19] |
| TMA-HCl, PFPA | LI | 1 µL | GC–MS/MS (EI, MRM) | 482–1280 | 1.8–111.21 | > 85 | 1.1–6.3 | 2.6–6.3 | n.r | [3] |
| No | HS-SPME | 80 µm, JUC-Z2 | GC–MS/MS (MRM) | 50–100,000 | (0.010–0.012)2 | 95–101 | (7.1–7.7) | n.r | NS: n.d., S: 68.4–123.1 ng/L | [20] |
| PFPA, Pyr | LI | 5 µL | LC–MS (SIM) | 1000–1,000,000 | 10003 | n.r | n.r | n.r | NS: 1–1.13, S: 1.46–2.33 µg/L | [21] |
| HI | HS-SPME | 65 μm PDMS/DVB | GC × GC–MS | 1–500 | 5.2–24.44 | n.r | n.r | n.r | n.r | [22] |
| No | LI | 1 µL | GC-FID | 30–100,000 | (7–10)2 | 93.0–99.9 | 2.5–5.9 | 4.7–7.3 | NS: n.d.–1.2, S: 2–14.5 µg/L | [23] |
| No | LI | 10 µL | LC–MS/MS (MRM) | 5–10,000 | (1.5–5)5 | 88–111 | 6.1–8.9 | 9.0–9.9 | NS: 1.11–12.32, S: 5.39–67.02 ng/24 h | [24] |
| No | LI | 3 µL | UFLC (UV–Vis) | 5000–500,000 | (DI: 39,600–94,400, AE: 880–1300)2 | 89–105 | 0.6–7.9 | 2.4–10 | U: n.d.–12.8 µg/L | [25] |
| No | HS-SPME | PEG/CNTs | GC-FID | 1–105 | (0.5–50)2 | 63.7–97.0 | 3.2–9.1 | 5.5–12.0a | NS: n.d.–940, S: 1140–50,960 ng/L | [26] |
| TMA-HCl, PFPA | LI | 1 µL | GC–MS/MS (EI, MRM) | 50–25,000 | 0.896 | (20–25) | 1.7–6.7 | 7.5–8.4 | NS: 1.30–2.07, S: 7.43–10.16 pg/mg Cr | [27] |
| No | LI | 1 µL | GC–MS (SIM) | 5–60,000 | 2–267 | 94–104 | 4.5–6.2 | 6.0–6.8 | U: n.d.–690 ng/L | [28] |
| PFPA, Pyr | LI | 0.2 µL | GC–MS (NCI, SIM) | 10–2500 | (1–4)2 | 94–107 | (2.7–4.6) | (5.1–7.0) | NS: 9.6–105.2, S: 15.3–204.2 ng/24 h | [29] |
| PFPA, Pyr | LI | 1 µL | GC–MS (SIM) | 100–100,000 | (50–2000)2 | 70–125 | 1.8–14 | 7.5–19 | U: n.d.–3.5 µg/L | [30] |
| PFPI | LI | 1 µL | GC–MS (SIM) | n.r | (0.05 ng)3 | (82.3–96.8) | n.r | n.r | NS: n.d.–1073.4, S: 3.6–2119.8 ng/24 h | [31] |
| HI | HS-SPME | 65 μm PDMS/DVB | GC-EI-MS | 0.05–500 | 0.009–0.058 | 93–116 | 2.8–11 | 1.8–46 | NS: n.d.–64, S: n.d.–173 ng/L | This study |
| GC-NCI-MS | 0.005–50 | 0.003–0.0078 | 71–104 | 2.1–12 | 3.7–40 | |||||
| GC-EI-MS/MS | 0.001–100 | 0.001–0.0048 | 66–117 | 0.2–13c | 4.0–35 |
Abbreviations: AE after extraction, Cr creatinine, Der. derivatization, DI direct injection, HS-SPME headspace solid-phase microextraction, JUC-Z2 two-dimensional porous organic framework, LI liquid injection, LOD limit of detection, n.d. not detected, n.r. not reported, NS non-smoker, PDMS/DVB polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene, PEG/CNTs poly(ethylene glycol) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, PFPA pentafluoropropionic anhydride, PFPI pentafluoropropionyl-imidazol, Pyr pyridine, Ref reference, S smoker, TMA-HCl trimethylamine hydrochloride, U unknown smoking status, UFLC ultra-fast liquid-chromatography
aConsidering 37 of the 41 analytes studied.
bBatch-to-batch precision.
cExcluding 24TCIB (28%) and IB (19%) at a concentration level of 10 pg/L
LOD calculations:
1according to CLSI EP17-A
2S/N (signal to noise ratio) = 3
3not reported
4according to DIN 32645
5according to FDA guideline
6SDlow-quality-control samples
7LOD = 3*SDy/x/b (y/x = regression)
8LOD = 3*SD/(n − 1), (n = degrees of freedom), according to Eurachem Guide [49]