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. 2023 Mar 1;53(7):1445–1455. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01822-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Overnight plasma l-[ring-¹³C₆]-phenylalanine enrichments following pre-sleep placebo (PLA), casein protein (CAS), or whey protein (WHEY) ingestion. Data are analyzed by two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance with time as the within-subject factor and treatments as the between-subject factor. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Time × treatment: p < 0.001. ^PWPLA significantly higher than WHEY. ^CWCAS significantly higher than WHEY, p < 0.05. MPE mole percent excess