Table 3.
Characteristics of patients with or without cardiac events
| Cardiac Events | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Yes (n = 22) |
No (n = 369) |
p value |
| Clinical characteristics: | |||
| Age (years) | 45 ± 17 | 39 ± 16 | 0.09 |
| Males | 11 (50%) | 239 (65%) | 0.16 |
| Weight (kg) | 69 ± 12 | 71 ± 14 | 0.41 |
| Height(cm) | 169 ± 9 | 172 ± 10 | 0.19 |
| Systemic hypertension | 1 (5%) | 29 (9%) | 0.68 |
| Diabetes | 1 (5%) | 0 | 0.06 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0 | 22 (6%) | 0.61 |
| Family history of sudden cardiac death | 0 | 11 (3%) | 0.41 |
| Electrocardiographic abnormalities | 4 (20%) | 29 (8%) | 0.06 |
| Non sustained ventricular tachycardia | 6 (30%) | 28 (8%) | < 0.0001 |
| Unexplained syncope | 3 (15%) | 11 (3%) | 0.004 |
| Therapy: | |||
| Beta-blockers | 7 (32%) | 84 (23%) | 0.28 |
| ACE-inhibitors | 2 (9%) | 24 (7%) | 0.30 |
| Antiarrhythmic drug | 4 (20%) | 21 (6%) | 0.02 |
| Diuretic | 1 (5%) | 9 (3%) | 0.35 |
|
Cardiac magnetic resonance Functional parameters | |||
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 80 (73–89) | 82 (72–95) | 0.59 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 65 (57–70) | 64 (59–68) | 0.72 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 66 (57–87) | 66 (57–74) | 0.63 |
| Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities | 6 (29%) | 22 (6%) | 0.002 |
| Right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 88 (75–98) | 87 (73–96) | 0.84 |
| Right ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 60 (55–66) | 61 (56–66) | 0.99 |
| Right ventricular dilatation | 1 (5%) | 24 (7%) | 0.61 |
| Right ventricular wall motion abnormalities | 11 (50%) | 139 (43%) | 0.49 |
| Tissue abnormalities | |||
| Left ventricular late gadolinium enhancement | 11 (50%) | 92 (23%) | 0.009 |
| Right ventricular late gadolinium enhancement | 1 (5%) | 20 (6%) | 0.78 |
| Mitral valve | |||
| Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) | 5 (23%) | 20 (5%) | 0.001 |
| AML prolapse | 1 (5%) | 30 (8%) | 0.54 |
| IML prolapse | 1 (5%) | 17 (5%) | 0.99 |
| Bileaflet prolapse | 0 | 10 (3%) | 0.71 |
| Mitral regurgitation (more than mild) | 0 | 2 (1%) | 0.93 |
| Papillary muscle abnormalities | |||
| Maximal thickness | 13 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 0.99 |
| DARK-PAPs | 14 (64%) | 65 (17%) | < 0.0001 |
| Supernumerary papillary muscles | 7 (32%) | 49 (13%) | 0.02 |
| AL muscle angle | 66 (61–74) | 67 (57–78) | 0.87 |
| PM muscle angle | 191 (181–204) | 199 (185–210) | 0.23 |
| Angle between muscles | 126 ± 19 | 130 ± 23 | 0.45 |
| LGE of papillary muscles | 1 (5%) | 5 (1%) | 0.29 |
Values are mean ± SD or as median and 25th-75th for variables with normal and non-normal distribution; significant p values are marked in bold
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, MAD mitral annular disjunction, AML anterior mitral leaflet, IML inferior mitral leaflet, AL anterolateral, PM posteromedial, LGE late gadolinium enhancement