Table 2.

Study and patient characteristics

Study	Country	Design	Therapy in experimental group	Therapy in control group	Simple size		Method	Dosage	Pain assessment tools	Inclusion population
					Trial	Control
Mahboub Pouraghaei et al. [19]	Iran	RCT	Ketamine	Morphine	95	89	Ketamine: intranasal Morphine: intravenous	Ketamine: 1 mg/kg Morphine: 0.1 mg/kg	NRS	The patients over age 18 years with a history of nephrolithiasis and complaints of flank pain similar to their previous pain and patients with acute flank pain suggesting renal colic were included in the study
Arash Forouzan et al. [20]	Iran	RCT	Ketamine	Morphine	68	68	Ketamine: intravenous Morphine: intravenous	Ketamine: 0.3 mg/kg Morphine: 0.1 mg/kg	VAS	The nausea, vomiting, urinary stimulation, tenderness in the costovertebral region, visual analog scale (VAS) > 5 in patients with renal colic due to stones (confirmed by imaging), age of 18–65 years, and informed consent to enter the study
Mohammad Reza Farnia et al. [21]	Iran	RCT	Ketamine	Morphine	20	20	Ketamine: intranasal Morphine: intravenous	Ketamine: 1 mg/kg Morphine: 0.1 mg/kg	VAS	Eligible patients were older than 15 years' old who presented to the ED because of renal colic pain and they did not need any surgical intervention for their urolithiasis. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound evidence of renal stone and hematuria in urine analysis
Javad Mozafari et al. [22]	Iran	RCT	Ketamine	Fentanyl	65	65	Ketamine: intranasal Fentanyl: intravenous	Ketamine: 1 mg/kg Fentanyl: 1 μg/kg	VAS	The eligible candidates included all 15 to 65-year-old patients with typical kidney stone symptoms presenting to the hospital
Maryam Ziaei et al. [23]	Iran	RCT	Ketamine	Morphine	100	100	Ketamine: intranasal Morphine: intravenous	Ketamine: 1.5 mg/kg Morphine: 0.1 mg/kg	VAS	Inclusion criteria include patients with known history of renal stone, acute renal pain with score ≥ four based on visual analogue scale (VAS) and with age between 20 and 50 years and with no other underlying diseases

RCT randomized controlled trials; NRS numerical rating scale; VAS visual analogue scale