Table 3.
Occurrence of alkaloids in food
| Alkaloids | Food | Alkaloid concentration (mg/kg) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (Minimum – Maximum) | |||
| Ergot Alkaloids | Rye meals and rye grains | 0.588 (max. 3.28) | Lauber et al., (2005) |
| Rye Products | 0.119 (max. 0.118) | Muller et al., (2009) | |
| Rye-based cereal | 0.4872 (max. 0.340) | Crews et al., (2009) | |
| Rye flour | 0.213 (max. 1.063) | Reinhold and Reinhardt, (2011) | |
| Wheat | 0.444 (0.0103–0.975) | Topi et al., (2017) | |
| Glycoalkaloids | Potatoes | 405.55 (1.3—352.6) | Freidman et al., (2003) |
| Potatoes | 81.05 (33.69—167.79) | Urban et al., (2018) | |
|
Potatoes Tomatoes |
410.35 (94.40—750.0) (42—1498) dehydrotomatine (521—16,285) α-tomatine |
Musita et al., (2020) Kozukue et al., (2004) |
|
| Eggplant | (10.00—221.00) | Sanchez-Mata et al., (2010) | |
|
Purine Alkaloids |
Beverage | (1 × 10–6—350) | Bispo et al., (2002) |
| Leaves, branches and fruits | (400—8600) | Borre et al., (2010) | |
| Teas and coffees | (< 0.06—771.40) | Aragao et al., (2005) | |
| Teas, coffees, energy drinks, chocolates | 80—18,740 | Sanchez, (2017) | |
| Teas | ND—11,064 (ND—17,177.8) | Baek et al., (2022) | |
| Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids | Tea, herbal drugs and honey | 0.05—1.86 (< LOD—5.647) tea | Bodi et al., (2014) |
| ND—0.45 (< LOD—3.098) herbal drugs | |||
| 0.006—0.015 (0.0003—0.234) honey | |||
| Herbal teas and medicines | (< LOQ—7.88) | Chen et al., (2019) | |
| (0.3—1.12) | |||
|
Wheat flour Honey and bee pollen |
(0.045—5.4) 0.026 (0.001—0.267) |
Kakar et al., (2010) Dubecke et al., (2011) |
|
| 1.846 (0.011—37.855) | |||
| Pollen products | 5.17 (1.08—16.35) | Kempf et al., (2010) | |
| Quinolizidine Alkaloids | Lupin | (ND—1664) | Gresta et al., (2010) |
|
Lupin flours, Lupin-based ingredients and food |
(8.45—1247) | Resta et al., (2008) | |
| (< LOQ—86.5) | |||
| (< LOQ—56.3) | |||
| Lupin seed crops | (130 -52,380) | Magalhães et al., (2017) | |
| Lupin species | (20—21,920) | Cortes et al., (2005) | |
| (ND—5670) | |||
| (10—27,580) | |||
| Lupin seeds and foods | (202—19,800) bitter | Reinhard et al., (2006) | |
| (44—2120) sweet | |||
|
Tropane Alkaloids |
Buckwheat | (ND—1283) | Caligiani et al., (2011) |
| Teas and herbal teas | (0.005—4.34) | Romera-Torres et al., (2018) | |
| Cerealsand Solanaceae seeds | (0.003—1.847) | Marin-Saez et al., (2017) | |
| Cereals | (ND—0.0096) | Basle et al., (2020) | |
| Cereal-based food | 0.00037—0.00304 (max. 0.0808) | Mulder et al., (2015) |