| No. of studies | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | Certainty | Proportion of events | Relative effects (95% CI) | Absolute effects | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | ||||||||||
| Worsening albuminuria | |||||||||||
| Metformin | |||||||||||
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pioglitazone | |||||||||||
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Insulin-secretagogues | |||||||||||
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| DPP-4i | |||||||||||
| 23,471 (2 RCTs) | Not serious | Seriousd | Not serious | Seriousa | Strong association | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATA | 2125/11697 (18.2%) | 1864/11774 (15.8%) | OR 0.85 (0.76 to 0.95) | 182 per 1.000 | 23 lower per 1.000 (from 37 to 8 lower) |
| GLP-1 RA | |||||||||||
| 42,093 (5 RCTs) | Not serious | Seriousd | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATA | 1208/21057 (5.7%) | 1006/21036 (4.8%) | OR 0.81 (0.66 to 1.00) | 57 per 1.000 | 10 lower per 1.000 (from 19 to 0 lower) |
| SGLT-2i | |||||||||||
| 42,837 (5 RCTs) | Not serious | Seriousd | Not serious | Not serious | VERY strong association | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH | 3456/18095 (19.1%) | 3594/24742 (14.5%) | OR 0.67 (0.55 to 0.80) | 191 per 1.000 | 54 lower per 1.000 (from 76 to 32 lower) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | |||||||||||
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Insulin | |||||||||||
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
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