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. 2023 Jun 23;13:10214. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37207-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Identification of blood factors affecting biglycan (BGN) expression. (a) Venn diagram of circulating factors increased or decreased by aerobic training (AT) and resistance training (RT). The circulating level of factors in the blue and red elliptical areas was increased (factors written above the dashed line) or decreased (factors written below the dashed line) by the AT and RT interventions, respectively. The circulating level of factors in the overlapping area was increased (above the line) and decreased (below the line) by both the AT and RT interventions. (b) Differential effect of AT and RT on the circulating level of C–C motif chemokine ligand 28 (CCL28). Columns and bars indicate mean and standard error (SE). Statistical analyses for the intragroup difference were performed with two-sided paired t tests. *p < 0.05; N.S. not significant. (c–f) Correlation between change rate in biglycan (BGN) expression and that of the circulating level of CCL28 (c), N,N-dimethylglycine (d), C–X–C motif chemokine 4 (e), and C–X–C motif chemokine 8 (f). Change in BGN expression was calculated as the change of expression in skin fibroblasts cultured with plasma from blood sampled before and after the training intervention. Changes in the circulating levels of factors were calculated as the difference in the circulating level before and after the training intervention. The dots and lines indicate the participants in the RT group and the regression lines, respectively. (g) Effects of candidate factors on BGN gene expression. The columns and bars indicate mean and standard error (SE). The concentrations were determined from the mean blood concentration in participants before the training intervention. The mean concentrations were as follows: CCL28, 150 pg/mL; N,N-dimethylglycine, 7 μM; CXCL4, 10 μg/mL; and CXCL8, 10 pg/mL. Statistical analyses were performed with Dunnett’s test. r Pearson correlation coefficient, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ^†p < 0.10; N.S. not significant, AT aerobic training, BGN biglycan, CCL28 C–C motif chemokine ligand 28, CXCL4 C–X–C motif chemokine 4, CXCL8 C–X–C motif chemokine 8, RT resistance training.