Table 2.
Effects of factors on severe headache or migraine in adults.
| Variables | Males (n = 4234) | Females (n = 4759) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statistics | OR (95% Cl) | P- value | Statistics | OR (95% Cl) | P value | |
| Age | 50.50 ± 18.49 | 0.98(0.98,0.99) | < 0.001 | 48.45 ± 19.05 | 0.98(0.97,0.98) | < 0.001 |
| Educational level | ||||||
| < High school | 1496 | Reference | 1566 | Reference | ||
| Completed high school | 957 | 0.81(0.64,1.01) | 0.064 | 1114 | 0.79(0.66,0.94) | 0.007 |
| > High school | 1772 | 0.62(0.51,0.76) | < 0.001 | 2069 | 0.75(0.65,0.87) | < 0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2108 | Reference | 2282 | Reference | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 793 | 1.15(0.91,1.46) | 0.231 | 893 | 1.46(1.22,1.74) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 1333 | 1.15(0.94,1.40) | 0.168 | 1584 | 1.60(1.39,1.85) | < 0.001 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Widowed/divorced/separated/never married | 1254 | Reference | 1921 | Reference | ||
| Married/living with partner | 2776 | 0.82(0.68,0.98) | 0.032 | 2575 | 1.09(0.95,1.25) | 0.209 |
| PIR | ||||||
| < 1.00 | 638 | Reference | 864 | Reference | ||
| 1.00 to < 2.00 | 988 | 0.65(0.50,0.84) | < 0.001 | 1110 | 0.80(0.66,0.97) | 0.021 |
| ≥ 2.00 | 2210 | 0.45(0.36,0.57) | < 0.001 | 2270 | 0.59(0.50,0.70) | < 0.001 |
| BMI category | ||||||
| < 25.0 kg/m2 | 1276 | Reference | 1506 | Reference | ||
| 25.0 to < 30.0 kg/m2 | 1726 | 0.96(0.78,1.19) | 0.723 | 1443 | 1.03(0.87,1.22) | 0.709 |
| ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 | 1092 | 1.23(0.98,1.55) | 0.071 | 1659 | 1.28(1.09,1.49) | 0.002 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoking | 1730 | Reference | 2958 | Reference | ||
| Former smoker | 1415 | 0.96(0.78,1.19) | 0.734 | 968 | 0.84(0.71,1.00) | 0.050 |
| Current smoker | 1083 | 1.60(1.30,1.97) | < 0.001 | 826 | 1.49(1.27,1.76) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol status | ||||||
| No | 750 | Reference | 2078 | Reference | ||
| Yes | 3329 | 0.88(0.71,1.10) | 0.264 | 2401 | 0.89(0.78,1.02) | 0.089 |
| Cancer | ||||||
| No | 3861 | Reference | 4368 | Reference | ||
| Yes | 370 | 0.58(0.40,0.84) | 0.004 | 386 | 0.93(0.73,1.18) | 0.555 |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 2338 | Reference | 2694 | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1896 | 0.94(0.78,1.12) | 0.458 | 2065 | 0.73(0.64,0.83) | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 5.12 ± 1.08 | 0.94(0.86,1.02) | 0.162 | 5.27 ± 1.08 | 0.88(0.82,0.94) | < 0.001 |
| Energy intake (100 kcal/day) | 24.10 ± 11.31 | 1.01(1.00,1.02) | 0.007 | 17.94 ± 7.94 | 1.01(1.00,1.02) | 0.004 |
| Protein intake (100 g/day) | 0.92 ± 0.48 | 1.20(1.01,1.42) | 0.039 | 0.67 ± 0.34 | 1.09(0.90,1.31) | 0.381 |
| Calcium intake (100 mg/day) | 8.82 ± 6.40 | 1.01(0.99,1.02) | 0.283 | 7.33 ± 5.12 | 1.00(0.99,1.01) | 0.754 |
| Magnesium intake (100 mg/day) | 3.13 ± 1.66 | 1.01(0.95,1.06) | 0.821 | 2.40 ± 1.21 | 0.95(0.89,1.00) | 0.044 |
| Iron intake (100 mg/day) | 0.17 ± 0.10 | 1.31(0.58,2.98) | 0.520 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.50(0.22,1.13) | 0.095 |
| Sodium intake (100 mg/day) | 37.13 ± 20.30 | 1.00(1.00,1.01) | 0.271 | 28.03 ± 14.73 | 1.00(1.00,1.01) | 0.347 |
SD standard deviation, PIR poverty-income ratio, BMI body mass index, TG triglyceride, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.