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. 2023 Jun 23;13:10199. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36848-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Three types of global distribution patterns based on occurrence data recorded in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (Table 1). (A) Occurrences of Peronella lesueuri (L. Agassiz, 1841) showing a longitudinal distribution in the Pacific-West, at both northern and southern hemispheres (GBIF; https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.uftmga; Table 1). (B) Occurrences of Sculpsitechinus auritus (Leske, 1778) showing an Indo-West-Pacific (IWP) distribution, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf (GBIF; https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbqzud; Table 1). (C) Occurrences of Astriclypeus mannii Verrill, 1867 showing endemism in the region of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan (GBIF; https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jdvqfb; Table 1). Maps were created with QGIS (https://qgis.org/, version 3.0.3).