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. 2023 Jun 23;13:10199. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36848-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biogeography and migration network of Taiwanese fauna. (A) 11 defined biogeographical regions for Luminacea modified from previous studies^15,18. a. Tropical eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean (EIWP); b. Southern Australia and New Zealand (SANZ); c. Northwestern Pacific (NWP); d. Tropical western Indian Ocean (WIO); e. Northeastern Pacific (NEP); f. Northwestern Atlantic (NWA); g. Tropical eastern Pacific (EP); h. Tropical western Atlantic and Caribbean Sea (WA); i. Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (NEA); j. Tropical East Atlantic (EA); k. South Africa (SAFR). Figure was made with Microsoft PowerPoint (https://www.microsoft.com/, version 2016). (B) StrainHub³⁹ biogeographic network. Connections between geographic provinces is indicated by edges. Arrows indicate direction of migration and thickness of nodes indicates frequency. We used the RASP tree (Fig. S1) and geographic metadata to create the network and calculate the source/hub ratio (SHR). The SHR indicates the relative importance of geographic provinces as sources. Larger circles are more important sources of lineages. Figure was generated with StrainHub v0.2.3 on R v4.1.2. (https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz646). (C) Hypothesized migration trends for key sand dollar species reported in Taiwan waters. Map was created with QGIS (https://qgis.org/, version 3.0.3).