Table 2.
The manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, AESI, and Inflammasome disease in humans.
| Clinical Manifestation | COVID-19 symptoms [28] | mRNA Vaccine AESI [114,115] | Inflammasome disease [28] |
|---|---|---|---|
| skin vascular symptoms, lymphadenopathy, fever | violaceous macules with porcelain appearance, livedo of the trunk with chest pain and cough, violaceous macule and Raynaud's phenomenon 10 days after fever and cough, eruptive cherry angioma 21 days after COVID-19 healing of clinical symptoms, chilblain appearance and Raynaud's phenomenon in a patient with anosmia, fever, and cough | lymphadenopathy | autoinflammatory diseases associated with aberrant cell death and inflammasome activation. |
| hypersensitivity reactions | the clinical triad: fever, rash, and systemic involvement, which can cause severe organ dysfunction (heart, kidney, lung, brain, etc.) | mRNA vaccine induced the clinical triad of fever, rash, and systemic involvement. Anaphylaxis | Inflammasome produces immune modulators and cytokines. |
| hematology laboratory | decreased lymphocytes, decreased eosinophils, increased neutrophils, lymphopenia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, focal fibrin clusters mixed with mononuclear inflammatory cells, | Thrombocytopenia [114] | Thrombocytopenia |
| anemia | thrombocytopenia, consumptive coagulopathy | the interplay of inflammasome mediators with immune modulators and transcription factors to have a significant role in the development of myeloid diseases | |
| liver disease, pancreatic disease | significant liver injury - clinically uncommon, pancreatic cells - highly expressed ACE2 | Appendicitis | steatohepatitis, colitis, diabetes, Inflammatory bowel disease |
| renal disease | acute tubular necrosis, severe collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney diseases, diabetic nephropathy, and hyperuricemic nephropathy. | |
| cardiac disease | acute myocardial injury, chronic damage to the cardiovascular system | myocarditis, and pericarditis [114] | arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction. |
| pulmonary disease | coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-related pneumonia | Overall increased risk of Bell's palsy in Hong Kong [116] | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) development via activation of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis [124]. |
| neurologic disease | ischemic stroke, Neurological complications range from potentially fatal encephalopathy and stroke to the onset of headaches and dizziness | cerebral venous sinus thrombosis [114] | cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease [52,88,95], autoimmune encephalomyelitis, stroke [89], traumatic brain injury. |
| others | uveitis, Herpes zoster infection [115] | diverse elderly disease care [29,125] |