Table 2.
Factors related to new-onset chronic pain in univariate analysis.
| Patients without new chronic pain | Patients with new chronic pain | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 66 (46%) | N = 77 (54%) | ||
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 61 (13) | 58 (14) | 0.2 |
| Sex (F/M) | 13(20%) / 53 (80%) | 21 (32%) / 56 (68%) | 0.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 5.3 | 28.4 ± 4.1 | 0.9 |
| Weight loss during hospitalization | 12.4 ± 9 | 12.4 ± 6 | 0.7 |
| Chronic pain before COVID-19 (N = 141) | 48(74%) /17 (26%) | 49 (65%) /27 (35%) | 0.2 |
| ICU characteristics | |||
| SAPS2 score | 28.9 ± 14.4 | 27.2 ± 10.9 | 0.4 |
| Length of stay in intensive care unit | 19.7 ± 23 | 22 ± 20 | 0.4 |
| Duration of intubation: | 11 ± 16 | 13 ± 13 | 0.5 |
| Intubation (no/ yes) | 35 (53%) / 31 (47%) | 24 (31%) / 53(68%) | 0.01 |
| Placement in the prone position (no /yes) (N = 142) | 38 (57%) / 28 (42%) | 32 (42%)/ 44 (57%) | 0.06 |
| Placement of chest tubes (no /yes) | 63 (95%) / 3(5%) | 72 (93%) / 5 (7%) | 0.6 |
| Tracheostomy (no /yes) (N = 141) | 53 (81%) / 12 (19%) | 64 (84%) / 12(16%) | 0.9 |
| Number of days of curare treatment (days) | 12 ± 7.6 | 11.7 ± 9.3 | 0.7 |
| Number of days of opioid treatment (days) | 7 ± 10 | 9.2 ± 11.4 | 0.2 |
| Presence of bedsores (no/yes) (N = 119) | 42 (84%) /7 (14%) | 52 (80%) /18 (20%) | 0.1 |
| Neuromyopathy acquired in ICU and diagnosed by EMG (N = 141) | 51 (50%) /52 (50%) | 14(36%) /24 (63%) | 0.2 |
| Central neurological damage (no/yes) (N = 113) | 49 (90%) /5 (10%) | 55 (93%) /4 (7%) | 0.6 |
| CRRT (no/yes) (N = 142) | 55 (83%) /11 (16%) | 68 (89%) /8 (11%) | 0.3 |
| ECMO (no/yes) (N = 78) | 29 (96%) /1 (4%) | 40 (83%) /8 (17%) | 0.07 |
| Septic shock ( no /yes) ((N = 119) | 29 (67%) /14 (33%) | 54 (71%) /22 (29%) | 0.3 |
| Psychological distress | |||
| Anxiety (HAD score / 21) (N = 141) | 6.1 ± 3.7 | 7.9 ± 4.4 | 0.01 |
| Depression (HAD score /21) (N = 141) | 4.2 ± 3.3 | 5.4 ± 3.8 | 0.04 |
| Pain catastrophizing (PCS / 52) (N = 142) | 12.7 ± 11.7 | 21.6 ± 13.7 | 0.00 |
| Perceived stress scale (PSS-10/50) (N = 143) | 18 ± 6 | 20 ± 4 | 0.01 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PCLS / 85) (N = 140) | 29.8 ± 13 | 40.7 ± 15.3 | 0.04 |
| Sleeping disorder (Spiegel /30) (N = 143) | 20.1 ± 5.2 | 17.1 ± 4.7 | 0.002 |
BMI: body mass index; SAPS2: Simplified Acute Physiological Score 2; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy. ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. In case of missing data, the total number of patients with the information is noted in brackets for each factor. Data are presented as the number of patients (% of patient) or mean value ± SD. For statistical analyses, we used Mann-Whitney tests or Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate. HAD: Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale; PCLS: Post-Traumatic Stress Scale; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale.