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. 2023 Jun 9;17:1163380. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1163380

TABLE 5.

Demographic characteristics and questionnaire scores, and NF outcomes of participants who completed the follow-up measurement (either 6 or 12 months) and those who dropped out after the post-measurement.

Completed follow-up (n = 41) Drop-outs (n = 17)
M (SD) M (SD)
Motivation 5.7 (0.9) 5.4 (1.0)
Commitment 5.7 (1.0) 5.1 (1.3)
Difficulty 4.6 (0.8) 4.7 (0.9)
Age 33.4 (10.7) 33.6 (11.5)
BRIEF-A total score (T1) 156.4 (18.4) 154.1 (17.9)
BRIEF-A working memory (T1) 19.8 (2.6) 18.9 (2.7)
BRIEF-A shift (T1) 13.3 (2.6) 13.0 (2.6)
BRIEF-A task monitor (T1) 14.9 (2.3) 14.5 (2.0)
BRIEF-A inhibit (T1) 16.0 (3.4) 16.3 (3.3)
BDI-II total score (T2) 9.5 (7.2) 9.9 (5.7)1
ZVAH attentional symptoms (T2) 5.0 (3.0) 5.0 (2.2)1
ZVAH Hyperactivity symptoms (T2) 3.1 (2.7) 3.5 (2.4)1
n (%) n (%)
NF success (responder) 33 (80.5%) 14 (82.4%)
Educational level Low: 0 (0.0%)
Intermediate: 16 (39.0%)
High: 25 (61.0%)
Low: 1 (5.9%)
Intermediate: 7 (41.2%)
High: 9 (52.9%)
Sex (female) 26 (63.4%) 12 (70.6%)
Presence of disorder No diagnosis: 8 (19.5%)
Suspect AD(H)D: 5 (12.2%)
ADD: 13 (31.8%)
ADHD: 6 (14.7%)
ADHD + BPD: 1 (2.4%)
ASD: 5 (12.2%)
ASD + bipolar disorder: 1 (2.4%)
PTSD: 1 (2.4%)
History of depression + anorexia: 1 (2.4%)
No diagnosis: 7 (41.2%)
Suspect AD(H)D: 2 (11.8%)
ADD: 5 (29.4%)
ADHD: 3 (17.6%)
Medication use during NF training No medication 26 (63.4%)
Stimulants: 10 (24.4%)
Antidepressant: 2 (4.9%)
Stimulant + anticonvulsant: 1 (2.4%)
Stimulant + antidepressant 1: (2.4%) Atypical antipsychotic: 1 (2.4%)
No medication: 12 (70.6%) Stimulants: 4 (23.5%)
Antidepressant: 1 (5.9%)

BRIEF-A, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; ZVAH, self-report questionnaire on attention problems and hyperactivity for adult and childhood (adult version); ADD, attention deficit disorder; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BPD, borderline personality disorder; ASD; autism spectrum disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; T1, pre-measurement; T2, post-measurement.

1Information is missing for two participants (n = 15). Self-reported motivation, commitment, and difficulty are rated on a seven-point scale and are averaged across eight sessions.