Table 2.
The effect of TCM compounds and active components on the regulation mechanism of T cell exhaustion
| Drugs | Disease type | Mechanism of effect | Cell type/model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bushen Jianpi Recipe | Mycobacterium bovis BCG purified protein derivative | Enhances IFN-γ and IL-2 expression, up-regulates CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and inhibits PD-1 expression level on CD4+ T cells | Mice in vivo model | [130] |
| Dahuang Fuzi Baijiang Decoction | Colorectal cancer | Inhibits the PD-1hiTIM3+ subset and CCL2 expression and enhances the PD-1intTCF+ population | MC38 cell line and mice in vivo model | [131] |
| Yangyin Fuzheng Jiedu Prescription | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Enhances the ratio of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood, spleen, and tumor tissue and the expression of TNF-α, and IFN-γ and down-regulates the expression of PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3 in CD8+ T cells and IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in the serum and tumor tissues | Mouse HCC cell line H22 and mice in vivo model | [132] |
| ShenQi FuZheng Injection | Lung cancer-related fatigue | Inhibits PD-L1, TIM-3 and FOXP3 and IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α expression in serum | Lewis Lung carcinoma and mice in vivo model | [133] |
| Yangyin Fuzheng Decoction | Lung cancer | Inhibits the expression of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells and PD-1, PD-L1, TIM-3 in tumor tissues and increases PD-1−CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and CD4+CD25+ FoxP+ T cell in tumor tissues | PD-L1+Lewis and Lewis lung cancer cells and mice in vivo model | [134, 135] |
| Qiyusanlong Decoction | Lung cancer | Increases TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12 and inhibits CXCL-9, CCL-17, STAT6 and MTOR expression | Lewis lung cancer cells and mice in vivo model | [138] |
| Compound kushen injection | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Reduces the distribution and polarization of M2-TAM, promotes M1-TAM | Hepa1-6 or LPC-H12 cell lines and mice in vivo model | [139] |
| Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide | Breast cancer | Enhances IFN-γ and IL-2 expression | 4T1 breast tumor cell line and mice in vivo model | [144] |
| Dihydroartemisinin | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Promotes CD4+ T cell infiltration in spleen and CD8+ T cell infiltration in tumor tissue | HepG2215 cell line and mice in vivo model | [145] |
| Extract derived from the sporoderm-breaking spores of G. lucidum | Breast cancer | Increases cytotoxic T cell (Tc) population and the ratio of Tc to helper T cell (Th) and decreases PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression | Breast cancer 4T1-cell line and mice in vivo model | [146] |
| Hirsutella sinensis fungus | Breast cancer | Increases CD44LowCD62LHi and CD44HiCD62LLow populations in the tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and enhances IFN-γ and granzyme B and reduces PD-1, TIGIT, CTLA-4 expression | 4T1-Luc cells and mice in vivo model | [147] |
| Pinellia pedatisecta Schott extract | Cervical cancer | Up-regulates the expression of MHCII, CD80, CD86, IL-12 and promotes CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and induces the differentiation of IFN-γ+CD4+ and GZMB+CD8+ T cells | TC-1 tumor cell line and mice in vivo model | [151, 152] |
| Astragalus membranaceus and extract | Renal cell carcinoma | Increases IL-21 expression | Renal cell carcinoma patients | [153] |
| Lycium barbarum polysaccharide | Liver cancer | Increases CD8+ T cells and decreases TGF-β and IL-10 expression | Mouse HCC cell line H22 and mice in vivo model | [154] |
| Luteolin and its derivative apigenin | Lung cancer | Inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation, down-regulates IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression and increases CD8+ T cells, IFN-γ, TNF-α and Granzyme B | KRAS-mutation NSCLC (H460, H358and A549) cells and mice in vivo model | [155] |
| Bisdemethoxycurcumin | Bladder cancer | Enhances IFN-γ, granzyme B, and perforin expression | MB49 cells and mice in vivo model | [156] |