Table 2.
Identification and markers (genes) of endothelial and perivascular cells in the CNS
| Cell types | Markers | Comments | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Endothelial cells | CD31 | PECAM-1, cell adhesion | [86] |
| CD93 | CD248 family member | [86, 95] | |
| CLDN5 | Claudin 5 | [86] | |
| CDH5 | Cadherin 5, also expressed by CNS fibroblasts | [86] | |
| Pericytes (PC) | PDGFRβ | Receptor for platelet derived growth factor | [85] |
| NG2 | Encoded by Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 CSPG4. Also expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells | [85] | |
| Desmin | [85] | ||
| CD13 | Aminopeptidase N | ||
| CD248 | Endosialin (TEM-1), highly expressed in glioma (GBM) (PC > pMSC) | [85, 96, 97] | |
| Vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) | PDGFRβ | Levels in PC > vSMC | [98] |
| NG2 | [98] | ||
| Desmin | Muscle class III intermediate filament | [98] | |
| CD13 | |||
| RGS5 | Regulator of G protein signaling 5 GTPase activating protein | [85, 99] | |
| CD146 | Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) | [85, 99] | |
| αSMA | Alpha smooth muscle cell actin encoded by ACTA2. Level of expression in vSMC > > PC | [85] | |
| TAGLN | Trangelin, smooth muscle protein 22 alpha (SM22) | [85] | |
| pMSC fibroblast-like | PDGFRβ | ||
| PDGFRα | [86] | ||
| CD13 | |||
| COL1A1 | pMSC also express high levels of COL1A2, COL3A1, COL4A1. Expressed by PC (less than 2%) | ||
| LAMA-1 | Laminin subunit alpha 1, also expressed by epithelial cells | [86] | |
| LUM | Lumican | [86] | |
| DCN | Decorin | [86] | |
| MPZL2 | Myelin protein zero-like 2, adhesion | [86] | |
| SRPX2 | Sushi Repeat Containing Protein X-Linked 2 | [86] | |
| FN | Fibronectin, also expressed by PC / scar tissue | [100] | |
| FBLN1 | Fibulin-1, Type I Hu pMSC/fibroblast | [14] | |
| CEMIP | Cell migration-inducing protein, Type II Hu FB | [14] | |
| KCNMA1 | Potassium channel, Type III Hu pMSC/Fib | [14] | |
| Macrophages (M) | CD11b / CD18 | Complement receptor type 3 involved in phagocytosis of host cell debris | [87, 101] |
| Border-associated M (BAM) | CD163 | Scavenger receptor, M2 antiinflammatory | [102] |
| CD206 | Mannose receptor | [88] | |
| LYVE1 | Hyaluronan receptor | [88] | |
| Astrocytes (AS) | GFAP | Glial fibrillary acidic protein | [87] |
Several markers are shared between the different subsets of periendothelial cells while others (in bold) are restricted (but not exclusive) to specific subsets. TEM1: Tumor endothelial marker 1