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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 24.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Oct 22;240:108300. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300

Table 2:

Key Characteristics of Adenosine Receptors

Receptor Structural information (Accession No.) Chromosomal location (h) G-protein coupling Tissue expression Physiological function(s) Reference
A1 h 326 aa (P30542)
m 326 aa (Q60612)		 1q32.1 Gi, Go Brain tissues, Pancreas, Heart muscle, Testis, Spleen, Kidney, Lipocytes Bradycardia; inhibition of lipolysis; reduced glomerular filtration; tubero-glomerular feedback; antinociception; reduction of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity; presynaptic inhibition; neuronal hyperpolarization; ischemic preconditioning; sleep cycle regulation (Babich, Vadnagara, & Di Sole, 2015; J. F. Chen, et al., 2014; Fozard, 2003; Fredholm, 2007; Fredholm, et al., 2000; Hoffman, Chang, Dall’Aglio, & Reaven, 1986; Koeppen, Eckle, & Eltzschig, 2009; Satoh, et al., 2000; Vallon, Muhlbauer, & Osswald, 2006; Yoon, Bae, & Choi, 2005; Yun, et al., 2019)
A2A h 410 aa (P29274)
m 409 aa (UO5672)		 22q11.2 Gs, Golf Basal ganglia, Thymus, Lymph node, Heart muscle, Kidney, Liver, Lung, Striatum, Nucleus accumbens, Olfactory tubercle, Immune cells, Heart, Lung, Blood vessels, Retina, Aorta Sensorimotor integration regulation in basal ganglia; sensory nerve stimulation; inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; inhibition of platelet aggregation; vasodilatation, protection against ischemic damage (Conti, et al., 1993; Dixon, et al., 1996; Fredholm, 2007; Martin, Ueeda, & Olsson, 1993; Salmon & Cronstein, 1990)
A2B h 328 aa (P29275)
m 332 aa (UO5673)		 17p11.2–12 Gs, Gq Urinary bladder, Esophagus, Colon, Rectum, Brain tissues, Vagina, Placenta, Skin, Caecum, Large intestine, Bladder Smooth muscle relaxation in vasculature and intestine; stimulation of mast cell mediator release; inhibition of monocyte and macrophage function (Dixon, et al., 1996; Fredholm, 2007)
A3 h 328 aa (P29275)
m 332 aa (UO5673)		 17p11.2–12 Gi Brain, Stomach, Duodenum, Small intestine, Parathyroid gland, Liver, Gall bladder, Urinary bladder, breast, Lymph node, Thymus, eyes Enhancement of mediator release from mast cells; preconditioning (Borea, Gessi, Bar-Yehuda, & Fishman, 2009; J. F. Chen, et al., 2014; Fozard, 2003; Fredholm, et al., 2000; Gaytan, et al., 2006; Jacobson & Gao, 2006; Jacobson, et al., 2018; Mohamadi, Aghaei, & Panjehpour, 2018; Zhou, et al., 1992)