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. 2023 Jun 21;11:e15542. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15542

Table 2. The reliability and validity of questionnaires (N = 2,175).

Variables Items Cronbach alpha KMO Mean ± SD PCA (%)
Direct nature experience 9 0.686 0.784 3.34 ± 0.85 49.91
Indirect nature experience 4 0.894 0.829 3.24 ± 1.17 70.17
Vicarious nature experience 4 0.763 0.765 3.45 ± 0.99 58.71
Emotional connection 7 0.754 0.847 4.25 ± 0.62 41.60
Cognitive connection 6 0.705 0.794 4.52 ± 0.51 41.33
Pro-environmental behavior 6 0.786 0.850 3.82 ± 0.73 48.72
Pro-nature behavior 7 0.840 0.842 3.03 ± 0.98 51.16