Table 2.
Results of linear regression models evaluating variables associated with EQ-5D-5L utility value in univariable models and a final multivariable model
| Univariable model | Multivariable model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N (%) | Mean (SD; range) | β (95%CI) | p value | β (95%CI) | p value |
| All | 0.58 (0.33; − 0.45, 1.00) | |||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 202 (79.5) | 0.58 (0.34; − 0.45, 1.00) | 0.00 [Reference] | |||
| Male | 52 (20.5) | 0.59 (0.31; − 0.27, 1.00) | − 0.001 (− 0.090, 0.089) | 0.991 | ||
| Age Group | ||||||
| 36–47 years | 65 (25.6) | 0.62 (0.29; − 0.23, 1.00) | 0.00 [Reference] | |||
| 48–55 years | 64 (25.2) | 0.62 (0.30; − 0.16, 1.00) | 0.002 (− 0.098, 0.102) | 0.973 | ||
| 56–62 years | 68 (26.8) | 0.56 (0.36; − 0.45, 1.00) | − 0.050 (− 0.149, 0.050) | 0.328 | ||
| 63–80 years | 57 (22.4) | 0.53 (0.36; − 0.27, 1.00) | − 0.083 (− 0.189, 0.022) | 0.121 | ||
| Test for trend | 0.77 | |||||
| Relationship status | ||||||
| Partnered | 184 (72.4) | 0.60 (0.33; − 0.45, 1.00) | 0.00 [Reference] | |||
| Unpartnered | 70 (27.6) | 0.53 (0.32; − 0.29, 1.00) | 0.0637 (− 0.157, 0.007) | 0.75 | ||
| Education level, N = 253 | ||||||
| Secondary school or less | 94 (37.0) | 0.56 (0.36; − 0.27, 1.00) | 0.00 [Reference] | |||
| Occupational diploma* | 83 (32.7) | 0.58 (0.31; − 0.29, 1.00) | 0.010 (− 0.078, 0.098) | 0.826 | ||
| Bachelor's degree or greater | 76 (29.9) | 0.61 (0.32; − 0.45, 1.00) | 0.041 (− 0.048, 0.130) | 0.367 | ||
| Test for trend | 0.372 | |||||
| Employment status, N = 250 | ||||||
| Employed (paid work) | 131 (51.6) | 0.73 (0.25; − 0.45, 1.00) | 0.00 [Reference] | |||
| Unpaid work only | 36 (14.2) | 0.50 (0.27; − 0.18, 1.00) | − 0.226 (− 0.324, − 0.129) | < 0.001 | ||
| Retired | 53 (20.9) | 0.48 (0.34; − 0.29, 1.00) | − 0.232 (− 0.315, − 0.148) | < 0.001 | ||
| Unemployed | 30 (11.8) | 0.27 (0.36; − 0.28, 1.00) | − 0.420 (− 0.537, − 0.301) | < 0.001 | ||
| Test for trend | < 0.001 | |||||
| Household income (NZ$), N = 250 | ||||||
| $0–299 per week | 27 (10.6) | 0.46 (0.40; − 0.29, 1.00) | 0.00 [Reference] | 0.00 [Reference] | ||
| $300–599 per week | 42 (16.5) | 0.53 (0.31; − 0.27, 1.00) | 0.057 (− 0.090, 0.204) | 0.448 | 0.010 (− 0.065, 0.085) | 0.802 |
| $600–999 per week | 45 (17.7) | 0.56 (0.28; − 0.23, 1.00) | 0.073 (− 0.071, 0.218) | 0.321 | 0.027 (− 0.047, 0.101) | 0.475 |
| $1000–1999 per week | 65 (25.6) | 0.64 (0.34, − 0.45, 1.00) | 0.163 (0.028, 0.297) | 0.018 | 0.005 (− 0.066, 0.075) | 0.899 |
| ≥ $2000 per week | 71 (28.0) | 0.63 (0.32; − 0.28, 1.00) | 0.154 (0.021, 0.287) | 0.023 | 0.010 (− 0.060, 0.079) | 0.783 |
| Test for trend | 0.003 | 0.785 | ||||
| DMT treatment ever (binary) | ||||||
| No | 127 (50.0) | 0.63 (0.32; − 0.27, 1.00) | 0.00 [Reference] | 0.00 [Reference] | ||
| Yes | 127 (50.0) | 0.54 (0.34; − 0.45, 1.00) | − 0.092 (− 0.164, − 0.021) | 0.011 | − 0.064 (− 0.104, − 0.024) | 0.002 |
| Disability categories | ||||||
| Mild disability (0–3.5) | 113 (44.5) | 0.80 (0.17; 0.41, 1.00) | 0.00 [Reference] | 0.00 [Reference] | ||
| Moderate disability (4–6) | 89 (35.0) | 0.57 (0.21; 0.04, 1.00) | − 0.226 (− 0.282, − 0.170) | < 0.001 | − 0.117 (− 0.165, − 0.069) | < 0.001 |
| Severe disability (6.5–9.5) | 52 (20.5) | 0.14 (0.32; − 0.45, 0.839) | − 0.627 (− 0.704, − 0.550) | < 0.001 | − 0.498 (− 0.567, − 0.430) | < 0.001 |
| Test for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Fatigue and mental health | ||||||
| Mean Fatigue Severity Scale score (1–7) | − 0.091 (− 0.110, − 0.071) | < 0.001 | − 0.043 (− 0.057, − 0.029) | < 0.001 | ||
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety score (0–21) | − 0.026 (− 0.036, − 0.017) | < 0.001 | − 0.005 (− 0.012, 0.001) | 0.092 | ||
| Hospital Anxeity and Depression Scale depression score (0–21) | − 0.048 (− 0.057, − 0.039) | < 0.001 | − 0.015 (− 0.023, − 0.008) | < 0.001 | ||
| DMT outcomes | ||||||
| DMT duration (months), N = 251 | − 0.000 (− 0.001, 0.000) | 0.464 | ||||
| Time from diagnosis to first DMT (months), N = 126 | 0.001 (− 0.000, 0.002) | 0.097 | ||||
| Treatment fraction**, N = 251 | − 0.034 (− 0.146, 0.079) | 0.556 | ||||
P values < 0.005 are bolded. N = 254, unless otherwise noted
DMT disease modifying therapy
*Occupational diploma: occupational or national certificate or diploma or associate degree
**Treatment fraction = number of months of DMT treatment/number of months disease duration (from diagnosis)