Table 5.

This study investigates the catalytic capacity of numerous catalysts present in the given text toward the synthesis of 4f.

Entry	Catalyst	Conditions	Time/yield (%)	References
1	Cu/Cu2O@g-C3N4	White LED, EtOH, rt	4.5 h/86	19
2	Na2 eosin Y	White LED, EtOH, rt	10 min/94	22
3	Bakers, yeast	Room temperature	1440 min/84	24
4	Hydrotalcite	Solvent-free, 80 °C	35 min/84	25
5	[Al(H2O)6](BF4)3	MeCN, Reflux	1200 min/81	26
6	Cu(BF4)2.xH2O	Room temperature	30 min/90	28
7	[Btto][p-TSA]	Solvent-free, 90 °C	30 min/96	29
8	Triethylammonium acetate	Solvent-free,70 °C	45 min/90	30
9	Saccharin	Solvent-free, 80 °C	15 min/88	31
10	Caffeine	Solvent-free, 80 °C	25 min/91	32
11	4CzIPN	Blue LED, EtOH, rt	5 min/96	36
12	CsPbBr3	Blue LED, EtOH, rt	5 min/93	This work

The synthesis employs three distinct constituents namely benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and urea.