. 2023 Jun 17;401(10393):2060–2071. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00458-0

Table 1.

Counterfactual and outcome association for diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections

	Prevalence of WASH minimum risk exposure counterfactual in 2019^*	Association between WASH counterfactual and outcome (against lowest level of exposure)
Diarrhoea
Safely managed drinking water	37·9% (27·1–49·9)	0·48 (0·26–0·87), p=0·017⁴
Basic sanitation connected to sewer	29·7% (23·9–36·1)	0·53 (0·30–0·93), p=0·030⁴
Handwashing with soap after potential faecal contact	26·4% (23·4–29·6)	0·7 (0·64–0·76), p<0·0001⁴
Acute respiratory infections
Handwashing with soap after potential faecal contact	26·4% (23·4–29·6)	0·83 (0·76–0·90), p<0·0001⁷

Data are prevalence (95% CI) or relative risk (95% CI), p value. WASH=drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene.

Aggregated across included countries.