. 2023 Feb 27;5(5):373–379. doi: 10.1016/j.cjco.2023.02.007

Table 3.

Modified Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment score

Study first author	Selection		Comparability of cases and controls	Independent blind assessment of outcome
Study first author	Representativeness of cases or cohort is consecutive or a series of cases	Selection of controls is from the community	Comparability of cases and controls	Independent blind assessment of outcome
Forssell, 1985²⁸	1	0	0	0
Nakamura, 1984²⁹	1	0	0	0
Hoagland, 1986²³	1	0	0	1
Aronow, 1987²⁵	1	0	0	0
Etchells, 1998²⁴	1	0	0	1
Abe, 2013²⁶	1	0	0	1
Gamaza-Chulián, 2020²⁷	1	0	0	1

A score of 0 is equal to a high risk of bias, and a score of 1 signifies a low risk of bias.