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. 2023 Jun 26;11:35. doi: 10.1186/s40635-023-00517-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Porcine smoke inhalation injury. A, B Before and after (D, E) chest X-ray images confirming the presence of diffuse bilateral infiltrates indicative of ARDS due to smoke inhalation injury. C P_aO₂ (red, p = 0.000147), P_mvO₂ (blue, p < 0.0001), SpO₂ (violet, p < 0.0001), P_aCO₂ (gold, p < 0.0001), P_mvCO₂ (green, p = 0.000123) and ETCO₂ (teal, p < 0.0001) measurements taken both before (t = − 48 h) and after (t = − 0.5 h) smoke inhalation injury. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of paraffin-embedded lung tissue sections of baseline (t = − 48 h) (F) and SI + 48 h (t = − 0.5 h) (G) animals (scale bar = 100 µm). H IL-6 marker analysis for baseline and smoke injury (SI) + 2 h (t = − 46 h) for BAL and plasma samples. Comparison of lung injury score (I) and lung wet/dry ratios (J) showing a significant difference between control and SI + 48 h (t = − 0.5 h) samples (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0188, respectively)