Table 2.
Animal behavioral tests representing triphala polyphenols toward the promotion of resilience against stress-induced depression.
| Triphala polyphenols | Animal model | Behavioral tests | Molecular mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-flavonoids | ||||
| Gallic acid | UCMS in male Swiss albino mice | FST and SPT | ↓MAO-A; ↓MDA; ↑CAT; ↓plasma corticosterone | Chhillar and Dhingra (2013) |
| Gallic acid | CRS in male BALB/c mice | EPM and OFT | ↓Serum and brain MDA; ↑total antioxidant capacity | Salehi et al. (2018) |
| Ellagic acid | UCMS in male C57BL/6 mice | SPT, TST, and FST | ↑BDNF; ↑5-HT; inflammatory cytokines levels (↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↑IL-10) | Huang et al. (2020) |
| Flavonoids | ||||
| Quercetin | UCMS in male Swiss albino mice | TST, FST, and OFT | ↑5 HT; ↑SOD; ↑GSH; ↓Glutamate; ↓TNF-α; ↓IL-6 | Khan et al. (2019) |
| Quercetin | UCMS in male Swiss albino mice | EPM, OFT, SPT, and PAST | ↓TBARS; ↓NO; ↑total | (V. Mehta et al., 2017) |
| Thiol; ↑CAT; ↓IL-6; ↓TNF-α; ↓IL-1β; ↓COX-2 | ||||
| Quercetin | UCMS in male Sprague-Dawley rats | SPT | antioxidant enzymes (↑Cu–Zn, ↑SOD,↑CAT,↑GPx); ↓MAO; ↑GSH; ↓TNF-α; ↓IL-1β | (Guan et al., 2021a, Guan et al., 2021b) |
| Quercetin | UCMS in male ICR mice | SPT, OFT, and TST | Promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis via FoxG1/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway | (Z. X. Ma et al., 2021) |
| Quercetin | UCMS in male Swiss albino mice | TST, FST, and PAST | Modulating hippocampal insulin | (V. Mehta et al., 2017) |
| signaling and neurogenesis; | ||||
| ↓insulin; ↓IR; ↑GLUT-4; ↑DCX | ||||
| Quercetin | Immobilization stress in male Swiss albino mice | Light-dark activity test, EPM, FST, MWM | Antioxidant enzymes (↑SOD,↑CAT,↑GPx); ↓AChE; ↑Ach; | Samad et al. (2018) |
| ↑5-HT; ↑5-HIAA | ||||
| Quercetin | UCMS in male Kunming mice | OFT, SPT, and FST | Upregulation of hippocampal PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway | (Guan et al., 2021a, Guan et al., 2021b) |
| Quercetin | CSDS in male mice | OFT, SPT, FST, and EPM | Inhibiting astrocyte reactivation | (J. Zhang et al., 2020) |
| Luteolin | Noise in male Kunming mice | SPT, OFT, TST, and FST | Improving neuroinflammation and synaptic Plasticity Impairments | Cheng et al. (2022) |
| Kaempferol | Contextual fear conditioning in Wistar rats | EPM | Inhibition of fatty-acid amide hydrolase | Ahmad et al. (2020) |
| Epicatechin | Chronic mild stress in male C57BL/6 mice | SPT and OFT | ↑Muscle kynurenine aminotransferases | Martinez-Damas et al. (2021) |
| Epicatechin | Stress in male C57BL/6 mice | OFT and EPM | ↑Hippocampal monoamine and BDNF | Stringer et al. (2015) |
| Catechin | UCMS in male Sprague Dawley rats | SPT and FST | ↑CAT; ↑GSH; ↑SOD | Rai et al. (2019) |
5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcholine esterase; Akt, protein kinase B; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CAT, catalase; CRS, chronic restraint stress; CSDS, chronic social defeat stress; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CREB, cAMP responsive element binding protein; DCX, doublecortin; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test; FoxG1, forkhead box G1; GLUT-4, glucose transporter 4; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IR, insulin receptor; MAO, monoamine oxidase; MAO-A, monoamine oxidase-A; MDA, malondialdehyde; MWM, Morris water maze; NO, nitric oxide; Nrf2, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2; OFT, open filed test; PAST, passive avoidance step-through task; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol3-kinase; SPT, sucrose preference test; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TST, tail suspension test; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; UCMS, unpredictable chronic mild stress.