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. 2023 Jun 12;17:1168640. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1168640

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Chronic social defeat stress induces social avoidance, anxiety-like behavior, and short-term memory impairment in mice. Effect of the SDS on social avoidance-like behavior evaluated in the social interaction test (A) (NAI, n = 19; SDS, n = 21). Effect of the SDS on anxiety-like behavior evaluated in the elevated plus maze (B) and open field (C) (NAI, n = 9; SDS, n = 11). Effect of the SDS on short-term memory evaluated in the object recognition test (D) (NAI, n = 9; SDS, n = 11). Bars represent the mean (before-after or ± SEM). *p < 0.05 versus NAI group. #p < 0.05 versus no target or familiar object of the respective group. NAI, non-aggressive; SDS, social defeat stress.