Table 1.
Effects of active ingredients from different sources and its identification methods.
| Active ingredients | Sources | Identification methods | Effects | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | Kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin and (+)-taxifolin | Mandragora autumnalis Fruit | 1HNMR and 13C NMR | Anti-diabetic, Anti-lipase, Free radical scavenging activity, Antimicrobial properties | (71) |
| Quercetin | Ziziphus spina-christi L Fruit | HPLC and GC–MS | Antimicrobial properties | (72) | |
| Astilbin, morin and naringenin | Leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd | Affinity separation-UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS | Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase | (73) | |
| N-nornuciferine, Nuciferine, 2-Hydroxy-1-methoxyaporphine and Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside | Nelumbo nucifera leaves | Bioaffinity ultrafiltration with multiple targets coupled with HPLC–MS/MS | Exhibited inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and Cyclooxygenase-2 | (53) | |
| Phenolic acids | Gallic acid and ellagic acid | Ziziphus spina-christi L Leaves | HPLC and GC–MS | Antimicrobial properties | (72) |
| 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol | Nasturtium officinale R. Br | UV–Vis, FTIR spectrophotometry and GC–MS | Antioxidant | (74) | |
| Chlorogenic acid | Smilax china L. | HPLC and HPLC–MS | Inhibit XOD activity | (75) | |
| Chlorogenic acid | Apple pomace | UPLC–Q–Exactive Orbitrap/MS | Antioxidant | (76) | |
| Chlorogenic acid and p-coumaric acid | Spent coffee grounds | cLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS | Antioxidant | (77) | |
| Alkaloids | Vindoline, vindorosine, vincristine and norseredamine | Catharanthus roseus leaves | HPLC-DAD, UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and 1H-NMR | Anti-cancer | (78) |
| Cardioquin | The roots of Stemona mairei (H.Lév.)K.Krause | UPLC-IT-TOF, 1HNMR and 13C NMR | exhibited nematocidal activity | (79) | |
| Actinidine and glaziovine | Nardostachys jatamansi | LC–MS/MS | Anti-neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) | (80) | |
| Polysaccharide | water-soluble polysaccharide in G. lucidum spore (GLSP-I) | Ganoderma lucidum spore (G.lucidum) | GC–MS | Immunomodulatory activity | (81) |
| Lactarius vellereus Fr. polysaccharide (LV-1) and Cordyceps militaris (L. ex Fr.) Link. polysaccharide (CM-S) | Lactarius vellereus Fr. and Cordyceps militaris Link | GC–MS, HPGPC, HPLC, FTIR and NMR | Immunoactivity | (82) | |
| Hovenia dulcis polysaccharides (HDPs) | Hovenia dulcis (Guai Zao) | FTIR, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, and NMR | Hypoglycemic activity | (83) | |
| Saponin | Ginsenosides | Panax ginseng Meyer (Korea red ginseng (KRG)) | HPLC | Anti-inflammatory | (84) |
| Dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins | The roots of Panax notoginseng | HPLC | Anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenetic and anti-dengue virus | (85) | |
| Ternstroenol F | Ternstroemia cherryi | 1H NMR | Anti-inflammatory | (86) | |
NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography; GC–MS, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer; UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Four Stage Rod Time of Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry; HPLC-MS/MS, High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; UV–Vis, Ultraviolet visible; FTIR, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; cLC-DAD, High performance liquid chromatography system; LC–MS/MS, Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer; HPLC-DAD, High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection; UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, Ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ion source quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; UPLC-IT-TOF, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ion trap time-of-flight; HPGPC, High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography.