Table 3.

Anti-hyperuricemic effect of phenolic acids from different sources.

Source	Active ingredient	Model	Dose	Mechanism	References
Coix seed	Dihydroferulic acid	PO and hypoxanthine induced HUA mice; XOD model in vitro	500 mg/kg	↓ UA, CR and XOD activity	(133)
Purple potato leaves	Caffeoylquinic acid	PO and hypoxanthine induced HUA mice		↓ UA, CR, XOD and ADA activity ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α	(134)
Chrysanthemum morifolium	Caffeoylquinic acid	PO induced HUA mice	25 and 50 mg/kg	↓ UA and XOD activity; ↓ Xanthine and hypoxanthine levels	(135)
Sonneratia apetala leaves and branches	Gallic acid	PO and hypoxanthine induced HUA mice	25, 50 and 100 mg/kg	↓ UA, CR, BUN; XOD and ADA activity; MDA, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cystatin-C (Cys-C); ABCG2; ↑ URAT1 and GLUT9; SOD, GSH-Px and Na+–K+–ATPase	(38)