Table 4.

Anti-hyperuricemic effect of alkaloids from different sources.

Source	Active ingredient	Model	Dose	Mechanism	References
Tuber melanosporum	Tuberindine A	The monosodium urate (MSU) -induced HK-2 cell model	\	↓ UA levels ↑ OAT1 and ABCG2	(146)
Folium nelumbinis	Nuciferine	PO induced HUA mcie	25 and 250 mg/kg	↓ UA levels	(147)
The leaves of Nelumbo nucifera	Nuciferine	PO induced HUA mice	10, 20 and 40 mg/kg	↓ UA, URAT1, GLUT9; Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88/NF-kappaB (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) signaling and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3); IL-1β; ↑ ABCG2,	(139)