Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the AHF Population in Unmatched Cohort and Propensity-Score Matched Cohort.
| Unmatched Cohort | Propensity-Score Matched Cohort | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable n (%) | AHF Without COVID-19 (660,463) | AHF with COVID-19 (34,457) | P-Value | AHF Without COVID-19 (33,668) | AHF with COVID-19 (33,668) | P-Value |
| Age (Median, [IQR]) | 73 [62-82] | 74 [64-83] | <.001 | 72.9 (13.0) | 72.6 (13.1) | <.001 |
| Female | 316,070 (47.9) | 15,947 (46.3) | <.001 | 15,685 (46.6) | 15,581 (46.3) | .426 |
| Race | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| White | 446,788 (69.0) | 20,278 (60.2) | 20,668 (61.4) | 20,278 (60.2) | ||
| Black | 120,048 (18.5) | 7402 (22.0) | 7351 (21.8) | 7402 (22.0) | ||
| Hispanic | 48,361 (7.5) | 4053 (12.0) | 3967 (11.8) | 4053 (12.0) | ||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 13,449 (2.1) | 720 (2.1) | 642 (1.9) | 720 (2.1) | ||
| Native American | 3777 (0.6) | 279 (0.8) | 218 (0.6) | 279 (0.8) | ||
| Other | 14,742 (2.3) | 936 (2.8) | 822 (2.4) | 936 (2.8) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 175,933 (26.6) | 11,057 (32.1) | <.001 | 10,508 (31.2) | 10,788 (32.0) | .021 |
| Hypertension | 7750 (1.2) | 410 (1.2) | .782 | 352 (1.0) | 408 (1.2) | .045 |
| CAD | 323,713 (49.0) | 15,143 (43.9) | <.001 | 14,550 (43.2) | 14,810 (44.0) | .044 |
| Prior MI | 94,983 (14.4) | 3976 (11.5) | <.001 | 3711 (11.0) | 3896 (11.6) | .025 |
| Prior PCI | 83,646 (12.7) | 3697 (10.7) | <.001 | 3360 (10.0) | 3613 (10.7) | .001 |
| Prior CABG | 73,547 (11.1) | 3451 (10.0) | <.001 | 3160 (9.4) | 3376 (10.0) | .005 |
| Prior valve surgery | 30,725 (4.7) | 1285 (3.7) | <.001 | 1113 (3.3) | 1256 (3.7) | .003 |
| Prior PPM | 46,199 (7.0) | 2338 (6.8) | <.001 | 2276 (6.8) | 2290 (6.8) | .842 |
| Prior ICD | 45,060 (6.8) | 2103 (6.1) | <.001 | 1785 (5.3) | 2041 (6.1) | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 199,830 (30.3) | 10,041 (29.1) | <.001 | 9740 (28.9) | 9804 (29.1) | .593 |
| Chronic heart failure | 447,285 (67.7) | 26,562 (77.1) | <.001 | 26,170 (77.7) | 25,970 (77.1) | .067 |
| HFrEF | 104,659 (15.8) | 6968 (20.2) | 7040 (20.9) | 6968 (20.7) | ||
| HFpEF | 173,044 (26.2) | 12,899 (37.4) | 12,929 (38.4) | 12,899 (38.3) | ||
| HF, other | 169,582 (26.7) | 6677 (19.4) | 6201 (18.4) | 6103 (18.1) | ||
| End stage heart failure | 5516 (0.8) | 105 (0.3) | <.001 | 102 (0.3) | 103 (0.3) | 1.00 |
| PVD | 22,706 (3.4) | 716 (2.1) | <.001 | 637 (1.9) | 706 (2.1) | .061 |
| CVA | 44,321 (6.7) | 2154 (6.3) | <.001 | 1934 (5.7) | 2094 (6.2) | <.001 |
| COPD | 232,694 (35.2) | 10,982 (31.9) | <.001 | 10,943 (32.5) | 10,743 (31.9) | .101 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 115,218 (17.4) | 3961 (11.5) | <.001 | 3775 (11.2) | 3869 (11.5) | .259 |
| CKD | 259,292 (39.3) | 13,028 (37.8) | <.001 | 12,903 (38.3) | 12,737 (37.8) | .19 |
| ESRD | 60,880 (9.2) | 3843 (11.2) | <.001 | 3606 (10.7) | 3752 (11.1) | .073 |
| Liver disease | 58,626 (8.9) | 2397 (7.0) | <.001 | 2100 (6.2) | 2326 (6.9) | <.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 64,212 (9.7) | 5378 (15.6) | <.001 | 4928 (14.6) | 5266 (15.6) | <.001 |
| Obesity | 174,754 (26.5) | 9586 (27.8) | <.001 | 9199 (27.3) | 9375 (27.8) | .131 |
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD, implanted cardioverter-defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PPM, pacemaker placement; PVD, peripheral vascular disease. As per HCUP regulations, observations with cell count <11 are reported as “<11”. Bold texts indicate statistical significance.