Table 2.
In-Hospital Complications and Clinical Outcomes on the Unmatched, Crude Analysis, and Following Propensity-Score Matching.
| Crude Analysis | Propensity-Score Matching analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable n (%) | AHF Without COVID-19 (660,463) | AHF With COVID-19 (34,457) | P-Value | AHF Without COVID-19 (33,668) | AHF With COVID-19 (33,668) | P-Value |
| Died during hospitalization | 32,754 (5.0) | 7589 (22.0) | <.001 | 1768 (5.3) | 7393 (22.0) | <.001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 50,429 (7.6) | 1896 (5.5) | <.001 | 2172 (6.5) | 1823 (5.4) | <.001 |
| VA-ECMO | 792 (0.1) | 59 (0.2) | .010 | 33 (0.1) | 56 (0.2) | .02 |
| Impella | 1437 (0.2) | 17 (0.0) | <.001 | 51 (0.2) | 17 (0.1) | <.001 |
| IABP | 3754 (0.6) | 71 (0.2) | <.001 | 144 (0.4) | 65 (0.2) | <.001 |
| Mechanical cardiac support | 5429 (0.8) | 135 (0.4) | <.001 | 201 (0.6) | 127 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 20,932 (3.2) | 810 (2.4) | <.001 | 834 (2.5) | 777 (2.3) | .158 |
| Cardiac arrest | 11,736 (1.8) | 1431 (4.2) | <.001 | 604 (1.8) | 1399 (4.2) | <.001 |
| Septic shock | 29,161 (4.4) | 3858 (11.2) | <.001 | 1592 (4.7) | 3775 (11.2) | <.001 |
| Need for pressors | 14,789 (2.2) | 1502 (4.4) | <.001 | 830 (2.5) | 1459 (4.3) | <.001 |
| Need for blood transfusion | 44,570 (6.7) | 2256 (6.5) | .150 | 2612 (7.8) | 2203 (6.5) | <.001 |
| Acute pulmonary embolism | 11,858 (1.8) | 934 (2.7) | <.001 | 528 (1.6) | 911 (2.7) | <.001 |
| Bacterial pneumonia | 21,424 (3.2) | 3412 (9.9) | <.001 | 1102 (3.3) | 3332 (9.9) | <.001 |
| Need for a ventilator | 54,990 (8.3) | 4021 (11.7) | <.001 | 2773 (8.2) | 3910 (11.6) | <.001 |
| AKI | 250,433 (37.9) | 15,654 (45.4) | <.001 | 12,930 (38.4) | 15,287 (45.4) | <.001 |
| Resource utilization | ||||||
| Length of hospital stay (Median, [IQR]) | 5.00 [3.00, 8.00] | 7.00 [4.00, 13.00] | <.001 | 5.00 [3.00, 8.00] | 7.00 [4.00, 13.00] | <.001 |
| Median cost of hospitalization (Median, [IQR]) | 45,663.00 [25,241.00, 88,825.00] | 60,209.00 [31,814.00, 123,566.50] | <.001 | 42,143.50 [22,960.00, 83,562.50] | 60,251.00 [31,824.75, 123,762.50] | <.001 |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; IQR, interquartile range; VA-ECMO, veno-atrial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. As per HCUP regulations, observations with cell count <11 are reported as “<11”. Bold texts indicate statistical significance.