Table 3.
Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Diagnosed with AHF Exacerbation During Their Hospitalization.
| Variable n (%) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis |
|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 diagnosis | 5.42 (5.27-5.57) | 5.67 (5.50-5.84) |
| Age (per year) | 1.0195 (1.0187-1.0204) | 1.026 (1.025-1.027) |
| Female | 0.90 (0.88-0.92) | 0.90 (0.88-0.92) |
| Race | ||
| White (reference) | 1 | 1 |
| Black | 0.82 (0.80-0.84) | 0.85 (0.83-0.88) |
| Hispanic | 1.07 (1.03-1.11) | 0.93 (0.90-0.97) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 1.20 (1.13-1.29) | 1.01 (0.94-1.08) |
| Native American | 1.20 (1.06-1.36) | 1.15 (1.01-1.31) |
| Other | 1.13 (1.06-1.21) | 1.03 (0.97-1.11) |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 0.88 (0.86-0.90) | 0.97 (0.94-1.00) |
| HTN | 0.78 (0.70-0.86) | 0.81 (0.73-0.90) |
| CAD | 0.81 (0.79-0.82) | 0.85 (0.83-0.87) |
| Prior MI | 0.69 (0.67-0.71) | 0.83 (0.80-0.86) |
| Prior PCI | 0.59 (0.57-0.61) | 0.72 (0.69-0.75) |
| Prior CABG | 0.81 (0.79-0.84) | 0.92 (0.89-0.96) |
| Prior Valve surgery | 0.75 (0.71-0.79) | 0.77 (0.72-0.82) |
| Prior PPM | 0.74 (0.71-0.78) | 0.67 (0.64-0.70) |
| Prior ICD | 0.67 (0.63-0.70) | 0.69 (0.66-0.73) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.11 (1.09-1.14) | 1.04 (1.02-1.07) |
| Chronic HF | 0.73 (0.72-0.75) | 0.63 (0.62-0.65) |
| End-stage HF | 2.12 (1.95-2.30) | 2.04 (1.87-2.23) |
| PVD | 1.01 (0.96-1.07) | Not includeda |
| CVA | 0.96 (0.93-1.00) | Not includeda |
| COPD | 0.93 (0.91-0.95) | 1.03 (1.01-1.05) |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) | Not includeda |
| CKD | 1.00 (0.97-1.01) | Not includeda |
| ESRD | 1.40 (1.36-1.44) | 1.57 (1.52-1.62) |
| Liver disease | 2.45 (2.38-2.52) | 2.41 (2.43-2.48) |
| Coagulopathy | 2.76 (2.69-2.83) | 2.19 (2.13-2.25) |
| Obesity | 0.61 (0.59-0.62) | 0.72 (0.70-0.74) |
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HF, heart failure; ICD, implanted cardioverter-defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PPM, pacemaker placement; PVD, peripheral vascular disease. aThe statistically insignificant variables on univariate analysis were not included in the multivariate logistic regression model. Bold texts indicate statistical significance.