Table 3.

Manifestations of emotional tension and according types of social support.

Manifestations of emotional tension in cosmonaut’s speech	Types of social support	Examples
No apparent signs of emotional tension, nominal workload.	Appraisal support: normative-polite behavior and appraisal support that does not imply emotional involvement and instrumental assistance in solving problems.	“Good morning, glad to hear you” “Thank you for your work”
Appearance of problem-oriented coping strategies and other speech categories reflecting an adaptive reaction to a problem situation.	Instrumental support: technical, operational assistance that includes recommendations aimed at solving the problem. The MCC operator gives positive feedback and appraisal support, remains involved in the problem situation, but the feelings of the other communicant are not shared or discussed.	“Let me help you: please try performing this following p. 2 of the manual…” “I contacted the specialist, and she suggested the following…”
Appearance of emotionally-oriented coping strategies and other speech categories reflecting signs of psychological stress, including ineffective strategies (confrontation, complaints, self-justification, avoiding responsibility).	Emotional support: recommendations are accompanied by emotional support, demonstration of understanding of the crew’s problems.	“Well, this is a difficult situation, I understand you…” “I would feel the same” “How are you? Are you OK?”
Apparent distress.	Active support: assistance in actualization of the cosmonaut’s inner resources. This type of support involves sharing of the crewmembers’ emotions, strengthening their authority and supporting their initiatives. Usually, this form of communication requires special skills.	“Eh, I agree, it’s a difficult situation. The previous crew also had such problems sometimes. I understand that this is unpleasant, but do not worry, we will resolve it together” “I understand you. I support your point, you are right, it’s due to…” “Yes, good idea, let us try this”