TABLE 4.
Multiple linear regression results of clinical pharmacist–physician collaboration influencing factors.
| Variable | Pharmacist | Physician | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef. (SE) | 95% CI | t-test (p-value) | Standardized Coef | Coef. (SE) | 95% CI | t-test (p-value) | Standardized Coef | |
| 1-1 Gender (base: female) | ||||||||
| Male | 0.088 (0.945) | (−1.771, 1.946) | 0.09 (0.926) | 0.004 | −0.030 (0.922) | (−1.842, 1.782) | −0.03 (0.974) | −0.001 |
| 1-2 Age (years) | 0.002 (0.115) | (−0.223, 0.228) | 0.02 (0.984) | 0.002 | 0.043 (0.144) | (−0.240, 0.325) | 0.3 (0.767) | 0.028 |
| 1-3 Years in practice | −0.113 (0.118) | (−0.344, 0.118) | −0.96 (0.338) | −0.071 | −0.066 (0.143) | (−0.346, 0.215) | −0.46 (0.647) | −0.042 |
| 1-4 Location (base: eastern region) | ||||||||
| Central region | −1.323 (1.187) | (−3.656, 1.009) | −1.12 (0.265) | −0.053 | 2.284 (1.144) | (0.036, 4.532) | 2 (0.046**) | 0.084 |
| Western region | 0.062 (1.106) | (−2.113, 2.237) | 0.06 (0.955) | 0.003 | 0.208 (1.064) | (−1.884, 2.300) | 0.2 (0.845) | 0.008 |
| 1-5 Area of practice | ||||||||
| General department | −1.143 (1.413) | (−3.921, 1.636) | −0.81 (0.419) | −0.049 | −1.602 (2.165) | (−5.856, 2.652) | −0.74 (0.460) | −0.038 |
| Internal medicine department | −0.997 (1.03) | (−3.022, 1.029) | −0.97 (0.334) | −0.045 | −0.515 (1.698) | (−3.853, 2.822) | −0.3 (0.762) | −0.019 |
| Surgery department | 0.521 (1.398) | (−2.227, 3.269) | 0.37 (0.710) | 0.016 | −0.229 (1.786) | (−3.739, 3.281) | −0.13 (0.898) | −0.007 |
| Gynecology department | 2.812 (1.749) | (−0.627, 6.251) | 1.61 (0.109) | 0.069 | −2.933 (2.184) | (−7.226, 1.359) | −1.34 (0.180) | −0.071 |
| Pediatrics department | −1.581 (1.510) | (−4.550, 1.388) | −1.05 (0.296) | −0.045 | −2.81 (1.994) | (−6.729, 1.109) | −1.41 (0.160) | −0.071 |
| Emergency and critical care department | −0.080 (1.299) | (−2.633, 2.472) | −0.06 (0.951) | −0.003 | −0.819 (1.681) | (−4.123, 2.485) | −0.49 (0.626) | −0.024 |
| Others | 0.811 (1.134) | (−1.417, 3.039) | 0.72 (0.475) | 0.031 | 0.487 (1.726) | (−2.905, 3.879) | 0.28 (0.778) | 0.017 |
| 1-6 Type of hospital (base: specialized hospital) | ||||||||
| General hospital | 0.412 (1.319) | (−2.181, 3.005) | 0.31 (0.755) | 0.013 | 2.046 (1.350) | (−0.608, 4.700) | 1.52 (0.130) | 0.059 |
| 1-7-1 Grade of hospital (base: secondary hospital) | ||||||||
| Tertiary hospital | −1.644 (1.011) | (−3.630,0.343) | −1.63 (0.105) | −0.075 | −2.199 (0.933) | (−4.034, −0.365) | −2.36 (0.019**) | −0.092 |
| 1-7-2 Clinical pharmacist training base (base: no) | −0.287 (1.062) | (−2.375, 1.801) | −0.27 (0.787) | −0.013 | ||||
| 1-8-1 Professional title (base: junior title) | ||||||||
| Intermediate title | −0.341 (1.095) | (−2.492, 1.811) | −0.31 (0.756) | −0.015 | 1.460 (1.411) | (−1.312, 4.233) | 1.04 (0.301) | 0.062 |
| Associate senior title | 0.129 (1.508) | (−2.836, 3.094) | 0.090 (0.932) | 0.004 | 2.433 (1.651) | (−0.812, 5.678) | 1.47 (0.141) | 0.089 |
| Senior title | 0.030 (2.041) | (−3.982, 4.043) | 0.01 (0.988) | 0.001 | 1.881 (1.974) | (−1.999, 5.760) | 0.95 (0.341) | 0.055 |
| 1-8-2 Type of employment (base: non-regular employee) | ||||||||
| Regular employee | 0.200 (1.142) | (−2.044, 2.445) | 0.18 (0.861) | 0.008 | −2.709 (1.282) | (−5.230, −0.188) | −2.11 (0.035**) | −0.082 |
| 1-8-3 Type of practice | ||||||||
| Specialized clinical pharmacist (base: general) | −0.066 (1.280) | (−2.583, 2.450) | −0.05 (0.959) | −0.003 | −1.292 (0.949) | (−3.157, 0.573) | −1.36 (0.174) | −0.054 |
| Full-time clinical pharmacist (base: part-time) | 2.528 (1.796) | (−1.003, 6.059) | 1.41 (0.160) | 0.066 | −1.440 (1.876) | (−5.127, 2.248) | −0.77 (0.443) | −0.029 |
| 1-9-1 Terminal degree (base: junior college degree or below) | ||||||||
| Bachelor degree | −2.502 (2.305) | (−7.033, 2.029) | −1.09 (0.278) | −0.116 | 5.068 (3.634) | (−2.075, 12.211) | 1.39 (0.164) | 0.21 |
| Master degree | −1.458 (2.353) | (−6.084, 3.168) | −0.62 (0.536) | −0.066 | 6.052 (3.688) | (−1.196, 13.300) | 1.64 (0.101) | 0.255 |
| Doctor degree or above | 0.18 (3.024) | (−5.764, 6.123) | 0.06 (0.953) | 0.004 | 7.739 (3.880) | (0.112, 15.366) | 1.99 (0.047**) | 0.217 |
| 1-9-2 Major (base: clinical pharmacy) | ||||||||
| Other pharmacy-allied majors | 1.272 (1.089) | (−0.868, 3.413) | 1.17 (0.243) | 0.056 | ||||
| Non-pharmaceutical-related majors | 1.474 (2.345) | (−3.136, 6.085) | 0.63 (0.53) | 0.029 | ||||
| 1-9-3 Pattern of training (base: training after graduation) | ||||||||
| Training after job transfer | 0.035 (1.131) | (−2.187, 2.257) | 0.03 (0.975) | 0.002 | ||||
| Direct assignment without training | −9.733 (3.425) | (−16.466, −3.000) | −2.84(0.005***) | −0.129 | ||||
| 1-10-1 Interdisciplinary education experience | ||||||||
| Have taken basic medical/pharmaceutical courses (base: no) | −1.790 (1.095) | (−3.941, 0.362) | −1.63 (0.103) | −0.072 | −1.691 (1.248) | (−4.145, 0.763) | −1.35 (0.176) | −0.054 |
| Have taken management science courses (base: no) | 1.314 (1.268) | (−1.178, 3.806) | 1.04 (0.300) | 0.043 | −0.015 (1.132) | (−2.240, 2.210) | −0.01 (0.989) | −0.001 |
| 1-10-2 Inter-career working experience (base: no) | 1.832 (1.302) | (−0.728, 4.392) | 1.41 (0.160) | 0.065 | 0.157 (1.489) | (−2.769, 3.083) | 0.11 (0.916) | 0.004 |
| 1-10-3 Interprofessional collaboration experience | 0.032 (0.269) | (−0.498, 0.562) | 0.12 (0.906) | 0.006 | −0.145 (0.258) | (−0.651, 0.361) | −0.56 (0.574) | −0.022 |
| 1-11 Personality | ||||||||
| 1-11-1 Extraversion | 0.006 (0.503) | (−0.984, 0.995) | 0.01 (0.991) | 0.001 | 0.604 (0.515) | (−0.407, 1.615) | 1.17 (0.241) | 0.051 |
| 1-11-2 Agreeableness | 0.687 (0.687) | (−0.663, 2.038) | 1 (0.318) | 0.046 | 0.191 (0.595) | (−0.979, 1.361) | 0.32 (0.749) | 0.012 |
| 1-11-3 Conscientiousness | 2.316 (0.836) | (0.673, 3.959) | 2.77 (0.006***) | 0.141 | −1.57 (0.776) | (−3.095, −0.044) | −2.02 (0.044**) | −0.089 |
| 1-11-4 Neuroticism | −0.29 (0.694) | (−1.655, 1.075) | −0.42 (0.676) | −0.022 | 0.346 (0.700) | (−1.029, 1.721) | 0.49 (0.621) | 0.023 |
| 1-11-5 Openness | 0.806 (0.566) | (−.306, 1.918) | 1.42 (0.155) | 0.061 | 0.297 (0.575) | (−0.834, 1.427) | 0.52 (0.606) | 0.02 |
| 2-1 Institution administration | ||||||||
| 2-1-1 System construction | 0.878 (1.039) | (−1.163, 2.920) | 0.85 (0.398) | 0.053 | 5.040 (1.318) | (2.449, 7.630) | 3.82 (0.000***) | 0.233 |
| 2-1-2 Manager support | 2.658 (1.112) | (0.472, 4.845) | 2.39 (0.017**) | 0.172 | 2.717 (1.087) | (0.580, 4.853) | 2.5 (0.013**) | 0.151 |
| 2-1-3 Personnel development | −0.222 (1.242) | (−2.663, 2.219) | −0.18 (0.858) | −0.013 | 0.497 (1.254) | (−1.967, 2.962) | 0.40 (0.692) | 0.023 |
| 2-2 Job satisfaction | ||||||||
| 2-2-1 Workload | 0.534 (0.592) | (−0.630, 1.699) | 0.90 (0.368) | 0.045 | −0.070 (0.554) | (−1.159, 1.019) | −0.13 (0.900) | −0.006 |
| 2-2-2 Working environment | 0.867 (0.776) | (−0.659, 2.393) | 1.12 (0.265) | 0.053 | 0.625 (0.808) | (−0.963, 2.212) | 0.77 (0.440) | 0.036 |
| 2-2-3 Remuneration | 0.896 (0.745) | (−0.569, 2.361) | 1.20 (0.230) | 0.071 | 1.192 (0.735) | (−0.253, 2.638) | 1.62 (0.106) | 0.085 |
| 2-3 Working atmosphere | ||||||||
| 2-3-1 Team acceptability | 0.159 (0.111) | (−0.059, 0.378) | 1.43 (0.153) | 0.063 | −0.055 (0.113) | (−0.277, 0.167) | −0.48 (0.629) | −0.02 |
| 2-3-2 Social acceptability | 0.732 (0.979) | (−1.191, 2.656) | 0.75 (0.455) | 0.042 | −0.954 (1.378) | (−3.662, 1.755) | −0.69 (0.489) | −0.041 |
| 2-4 Resources and conditions | ||||||||
| 2-4-1 Adequate personnel allocation (base: no) | −1.102 (0.985) | (−3.037, 0.834) | −1.12 (0.264) | −0.051 | −0.637 (0.913) | (−2.433, 1.158) | −0.70 (0.486) | −0.027 |
| 2-4-2 Number of required facilities and equipment | 0.047 (0.148) | (−0.245, 0.339) | 0.32 (0.752) | 0.015 | −0.222 (0.254) | (−0.721, 0.277) | −0.87 (0.382) | −0.035 |
| 2-5 Collaboration incentives (base: no) | −2.081 (1.042) | (−4.130, −0.032) | −2.00 (0.047**) | −0.094 | −0.035 (0.993) | (−1.988, 1.917) | −0.04 (0.972) | −0.001 |
| 3-1 Respect | 2.186 (1.264) | (−0.298, 4.670) | 1.73 (0.084*) | 0.131 | −2.489 (1.506) | (−5.45, 0.471) | −1.65 (0.099*) | −0.11 |
| 3-2 Trust | 0.453 (1.144) | (−1.795, 2.702) | 0.4 (0.692) | 0.024 | 3.675 (1.329) | (1.062, 6.288) | 2.76 (0.006***) | 0.169 |
| 3-3 Role recognition | −0.099 (1.287) | (−2.629, 2.432) | −0.08 (0.939) | −0.004 | 0.564 (1.279) | (−1.95, −3.078) | 0.44 (0.659) | 0.024 |
| 3-4 Fairness | −1.372 (1.058) | (−3.452, 0.708) | −1.30 (0.195) | −0.082 | −2.936 (0.966) | (−4.834, −1.038) | −3.04(0.003***) | −0.174 |
| 3-5 Attitude to collaboration | ||||||||
| 3-5-1 Job burnout | 0.133 (0.156) | (−0.175, 0.440) | 0.85 (0.397) | 0.044 | 0.041 (0.135) | (−0.224, 0.306) | 0.30 (0.762) | 0.013 |
| 3-5-2 Usefulness perception | 0.249 (0.268) | (−0.277, 0.776) | 0.93 (0.352) | 0.042 | 0.965 (0.267) | (0.441, 1.489) | 3.62 (0.000***) | 0.149 |
| 3-5-3 Shared expectation | 0.847 (0.394) | (0.073, 1.621) | 2.15 (0.032**) | 0.116 | 0.888 (0.306) | (0.287, 1.489) | 2.90 (0.004***) | 0.132 |
| 3-6 Leadership | ||||||||
| 3-6-1 Power influence (base: same office rank) | ||||||||
| Higher rank of physician | −1.216 (0.971) | (−3.124, 0.693) | −1.25 (0.211) | −0.056 | −2.369 (1.020) | (−4.373, −0.364) | −2.32 (0.021**) | −0.098 |
| Higher rank of clinical pharmacist | 0.709 (1.980) | (−3.184, 4.601) | 0.36 (0.721) | 0.016 | −0.223 (1.574) | (−3.316, 2.87) | −0.14 (0.888) | −0.006 |
| 3-6-2 Non-power influence | ||||||||
| Effect of morality and sentiment (base: no) | 1.963 (0.950) | (0.095, 3.832) | 2.07 (0.039**) | 0.087 | 0.782 (0.914) | (−1.013, 2.578) | 0.86 (0.392) | 0.032 |
| Effect of knowledge and ability (base: no) | 1.807 (1.927) | (−1.981, 5.596) | 0.94 (0.349) | 0.039 | −0.665 (2.400) | (−5.382, 4.051) | −0.28 (0.782) | −0.011 |
| 3-7 Familiarity | ||||||||
| 3-7-1 Member mobility | −0.444 (0.650) | (−1.722, 0.834) | −0.68 (0.495) | −0.032 | 0.039 (0.609) | (−1.158, 1.235) | 0.06 (0.950) | 0.003 |
| 3-7-2 Out-of-work socializing | −0.276 (0.580) | (−1.416, 0.865) | −0.48 (0.635) | −0.023 | 0.122 (0.546) | (−0.951, 1.196) | 0.22 (0.823) | 0.01 |
| 3-8 Communication | ||||||||
| 3-8-1 Team communication ability | 0.981 (1.396) | (−1.764, 3.726) | 0.70 (0.483) | 0.048 | 0.842 (1.360) | (−1.83, 3.514) | 0.62 (0.536) | 0.041 |
| 3-8-2 General language ability | 3.188 (1.328) | (0.578, 5.799) | 2.40 (0.017**) | 0.155 | 3.664 (1.402) | (0.908, 6.419) | 2.61 (0.009***) | 0.176 |
| Constant | 10.189 (9.299) | (−8.092,28.469) | 1.10 (0.274) | - | 19.061 (9.517) | (0.356, 37.766) | 2.00 (0.046) | - |
| SR 2 | 0.410 | 0.487 | ||||||
| Adjusted R 2 | 0.320 | 0.419 | ||||||
a
*,**,*** indicate p < 0.1, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively. Variables with p > 0.05 are bolded to facilitate reading.
b
Blank parts in the columns of “physician” indicate that this factor is only measured for clinical pharmacists. See Supplement 4 for the complete questionnaire.