TABLE 5.
Results of heterogeneity analysis.
| Variable | Clinical pharmacist | Physician | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary | Tertiary | Secondary | Tertiary | |
| Standardized ß (p-value) | Standardized ß (p-value) | Standardized ß (p-value) | Standardized ß (p-value) | |
| 1-1 Gender (base: female) | ||||
| Male | 0.035 (0.583) | −0.029 (0.639) | −0.073 (0.240) | 0.067 (0.218) |
| 1-2 Age | −0.138 (0.239) | −0.035 (0.758) | −0.042 (0.764) | 0.026 (0.851) |
| 1-3 Years in practice | 0.101 (0.382) | −0.013 (0.904) | 0.172 (0.217) | −0.170 (0.209) |
| 1-4 Location (base: eastern region) | ||||
| Central region | −0.037 (0.590) | −0.097 (0.160) | 0.063 (0.321) | 0.141 (0.026**) |
| Western region | 0.060 (0.389) | −0.030 (0.667) | −0.01 (0.872) | 0.041 (0.498) |
| 1-5 Area of practice | ||||
| General department | 0.027 (0.773) | −0.178(0.047**) | 0.039 (0.637) | −0.034 (0.643) |
| Internal medicine department | 0.074 (0.287) | −0.073 (0.274) | −0.051 (0.570) | 0.103 (0.321) |
| Surgery department | −0.038 (0.558) | 0.034 (0.573) | −0.051 (0.525) | 0.086 (0.319) |
| Gynecology department | 0.172(0.010**) | 0.021 (0.722) | −0.094 (0.239) | 0.003 (0.973) |
| Pediatrics department | −0.030 (0.663) | −0.08 (0.186) | −0.074 (0.292) | −0.034 (0.682) |
| Emergency and critical care department | −0.060 (0.327) | 0.027 (0.659) | 0.039 (0.597) | −0.012 (0.872) |
| Others | 0.008 (0.902) | 0.068 (0.278) | 0.008 (0.926) | 0.109 (0.286) |
| 1-6 Type of hospital (base: specialized hospital) | ||||
| General hospital | 0.044 (0.488) | −0.074 (0.241) | 0.051 (0.424) | 0.052 (0.356) |
| 1-7-2 Clinical pharmacist training base (base: no) | −0.013 (0.837) | −0.022 (0.747) | ||
| 1-8-1 Professional title (base: junior title) | ||||
| Intermediate title | −0.06 (0.415) | 0.001 (0.986) | 0.043 (0.656) | 0.083 (0.328) |
| Associate senior title | 0.08 (0.288) | −0.007 (0.918) | 0.008 (0.939) | 0.200 (0.022**) |
| Senior title | −0.063 (0.395) | 0.000 (0.995) | −0.015 (0.862) | 0.114 (0.204) |
| 1-8-2 Type of employment (base: non-regular employee) | ||||
| Regular employee | 0.037 (0.564) | −0.039 (0.540) | −0.015 (0.816) | −0.044 (0.46) |
| 1-8-3 Type of practice | ||||
| Specialized clinical pharmacist (base: general) | 0.000 (0.999) | −0.131 (0.137) | 0.034 (0.576) | −0.105 (0.066*) |
| Full-time clinical pharmacist (base: part-time) | 0.016 (0.831) | 0.135(0.036**) | 0.010 (0.869) | −0.08 (0.143) |
| 1-9-1 Terminal degree (base: junior college degree or below) | ||||
| Bachelor degree | 0.123 (0.426) | −0.254 (0.125) | −0.030 (0.874) | 0.368 (0.187) |
| Master degree | 0.172 (0.249) | −0.143 (0.400) | 0.038 (0.838) | 0.388 (0.207) |
| Doctor degree or above | 0.107 (0.276) | 0.001 (0.995) | 0.063 (0.613) | 0.311 (0.169) |
| 1-9-2 Major (base: clinical pharmacy) | ||||
| Other pharmacy-allied majors | 0.027 (0.714) | 0.036 (0.588) | ||
| Non–pharmaceutical-related majors | 0.044 (0.559) | 0.040 (0.508) | ||
| 1-9-3 Pattern of training (base: training after graduation) | ||||
| Training after job transfer | 0.071 (0.356) | −0.044 (0.525) | ||
| Direct assignment without training | 0.092 (0.252) | −0.185(0.003***) | ||
| 1-10-1 Interdisciplinary education experience | ||||
| Have taken basic medical/pharmaceutical courses (base: no) | −0.103 (0.138) | −0.101 (0.105) | −0.015 (0.817) | −0.07 (0.202) |
| Have taken management science courses (base: no) | 0.099 (0.128) | 0.016 (0.784) | 0.005 (0.931) | −0.030 (0.581) |
| 1-10-2 Inter-career working experience (base: no) | 0.050 (0.498) | 0.073 (0.247) | −0.013 (0.844) | 0.020 (0.714) |
| 1-10-3 Interprofessional collaboration experience | −0.076 (0.306) | 0.062 (0.388) | −0.023 (0.722) | 0.001 (0.988) |
| 1-11 Personality | ||||
| 1-11-1 Extraversion | 0.088 (0.220) | −0.095 (0.172) | 0.035 (0.613) | 0.053 (0.387) |
| 1-11-2 Agreeableness | −0.029 (0.668) | 0.113 (0.077*) | 0.053 (0.372) | −0.032 (0.566) |
| 1-11-3 Conscientiousness | 0.090 (0.251) | 0.194(0.008***) | −0.104 (0.174) | −0.089 (0.156) |
| 1-11-4 Neuroticism | 0.058 (0.468) | −0.021 (0.775) | −0.055 (0.472) | 0.066 (0.316) |
| 1-11-5 Openness | 0.068 (0.309) | 0.050 (0.407) | 0.058 (0.373) | −0.043 (0.451) |
| 2-1 Institution administration | ||||
| 2-1-1 System construction | 0.149 (0.126) | −0.007 (0.932) | 0.313 (0.004***) | 0.161 (0.049**) |
| 2-1-2 Manager support | 0.223(0.038**) | 0.250(0.019**) | 0.042 (0.666) | 0.173 (0.043**) |
| 2-1-3 Personnel development | −0.069 (0.541) | −0.071 (0.485) | −0.068 (0.470) | 0.121 (0.138) |
| 2-2 Job satisfaction | ||||
| 2-2-1 Workload | 0.048 (0.528) | 0.064 (0.373) | −0.077 (0.310) | 0.013 (0.829) |
| 2-2-2 Working environment | 0.044 (0.510) | 0.083 (0.235) | −0.01 (0.896) | 0.103 (0.101) |
| 2-2-3 Remuneration | 0.054 (0.552) | 0.020 (0.810) | 0.139 (0.125) | 0.113 (0.123) |
| 2-3 Working atmosphere | ||||
| 2-3-1 Team acceptability | −0.112 (0.132) | 0.169(0.005***) | 0.085 (0.190) | −0.087 (0.138) |
| 2-3-2 Social acceptability | 0.024 (0.781) | −0.024 (0.766) | −0.038 (0.690) | −0.116 (0.174) |
| 2-4 Resources and conditions | ||||
| 2-4-1 Adequate personnel allocation (base: no) | −0.086 (0.220) | −0.051 (0.434) | −0.083 (0.167) | 0.005 (0.924) |
| 2-4-2 Numbers of needed facilities and equipment | 0.014 (0.841) | 0.022 (0.746) | −0.001 (0.983) | −0.066 (0.236) |
| 2-5 Collaboration incentives (base: no) | 0.004 (0.955) | −0.125 (0.062*) | −0.029 (0.663) | 0.037 (0.509) |
| 3-1 Respect | 0.097 (0.369) | 0.150 (0.185) | −0.116 (0.275) | −0.126 (0.178) |
| 3-2 Trust | −0.063 (0.477) | 0.102 (0.242) | 0.088 (0.344) | 0.241 (0.009***) |
| 3-3 Role recognition | 0.153 (0.073*) | −0.066 (0.429) | 0.135 (0.111) | −0.060 (0.453) |
| 3-4 Fairness | 0.007 (0.943) | −0.070 (0.434) | −0.173 (0.043**) | −0.258 (0.004***) |
| 3-5 Attitude to collaboration | ||||
| 3-5-1 Job burnout | 0.065 (0.377) | 0.070 (0.358) | 0.017 (0.808) | 0.012 (0.846) |
| 3-5-2 Usefulness perception | 0.040 (0.534) | 0.040 (0.534) | 0.105 (0.091*) | 0.211 (0.001***) |
| 3-5-3 Shared expectation | 0.209(0.013**) | 0.107 (0.176) | 0.178 (0.010**) | 0.103 (0.118) |
| 3-6 Leadership | ||||
| 3-6-1 Power influence (base: same office rank) | ||||
| Higher rank of physician | −0.081 (0.223) | −0.024 (0.695) | −0.029 (0.672) | −0.111 (0.061*) |
| Higher rank of clinical pharmacist | 0.005 (0.935) | 0.039 (0.534) | 0.035 (0.608) | −0.004 (0.947) |
| 3-6-2 Non-power influence | ||||
| Effect of morality and sentiment (base: no) | 0.094 (0.158) | 0.067 (0.261) | 0.006 (0.914) | 0.006 (0.91) |
| Effect of knowledge and ability (base: no) | 0.045 (0.495) | −0.004 (0.94) | 0.059 (0.325) | −0.085 (0.141) |
| 3-7 Familiarity | ||||
| 3-7-1 Member mobility | −0.071 (0.358) | 0.023 (0.729) | 0.014 (0.846) | −0.026 (0.684) |
| 3-7-2 Out-of-work socializing | −0.045 (0.543) | −0.019 (0.78) | −0.040 (0.564) | 0.036 (0.565) |
| 3-8 Communication | ||||
| 3-8-1 Team communication ability | 0.013 (0.893) | 0.116 (0.259) | 0.129 (0.176) | 0.027 (0.789) |
| 3-8-2 General language ability | 0.205 (0.035**) | 0.060 (0.516) | 0.317 (0.002***) | 0.179 (0.077*) |
a
*,**,*** indicate p < 0.1, p < 0.05, p < 0.0,=1, respectively. Variables with p > 0.05 are bolded to facilitate reading.
b
Blank parts in the columns of “physician” indicate that this factor is only measured for clinical pharmacists. See Supplement 4 for the complete questionnaire.