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. 2023 Jun 12;17:1192464. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1192464

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Copyright © 2023 Canonica, Foxton, Garrido, Lin, Uhles, Shanmugam, Antonetti, Abcouwer and Westenskow.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dual angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2)/vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) inhibition prevents ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury–induced retinal permeability and cell death. (A) General experimental protocol used to assess treatment effects on limiting vascular permeability and cell death in the retinal I/R injury mouse model. (B,C) Retinal fluorescein isothiocyanate–labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) permeability (B) and retinal apoptotic DNA fragmentation (C) 2 days after I/R injury following intravitreal injection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) control, anti–VEGF-A, anti–Ang-2, or bi-specific anti–Ang-2/VEGF-A antibodies (n = 5–8 eyes) 4 days before analysis. Values are mean ± SD. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. D, day; IVT, intravitreal.