. 2023 May 29;2(6):pgad181. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad181

Table 1.

Types of conflict events, temporal lag, and articles focusing on these types of events. Source for the typology (25): own additions marked with ^a.

Type	Examples	Temporal lag	Relevant articles
Kinetic activity^a	Movement of troops^a, movement of weaponry^a, trenches^a, landmines^a, road blocks^a	Immediate	(31)
Structural damage	Damaged or destroyed infrastructure (e.g. buildings, bridges), burned buildings, damaged electrical supply^a	Immediate	(31–45); using nighttime light as proxy: (46–51)
Environmental damage	Oil spills, fires	Immediate	(32); using nighttime light as proxy: (46)
Environmental damage	Burned forests, burned oil wells	Short-term	(33)
Displacement	Movement of populations, informal settlements	Mid-term	(32, 52–62); using nighttime light as proxy: (63)
Decrease in economic activity^a	Decrease in oil exploration^a, decrease in tourism^a	Mid-term	Using nighttime light as proxy: (51)