Table 1.
Therapeutics to treat COVID-19-mediated CS and related diseases
| Drug / Therapy | Target | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| AdalimumabInfliximab | TNF-α | Human monoclonal anti-TNFα antibody | [187] |
| Emapalumab | IFN-γ | Anti- IFN-γ antibody | [187] |
| Cankinumab | IL-1β | IL-1β antibody directed against the activity of IL-1β | [208] |
| Anakinra | IL-1R | IL-1α and IL-1β receptor antagonist | [200], [201] |
| TolicizumabSarilumab | Il-6R | Human anti-IL-6 receptor MAb | [187], [266], [214] |
| Siltuximab | IL-6 | Anti-IL-6 antibody | NCT04322188 |
| BarcitinibRuxolitinibTofacitinib | JAK-STAT | Non-selective JAK-STAT inhibition | [221], [222], [223] |
| MOR103LenzilumabOtilimab | GM-CSF | Anti-GM-CSF antibody | [236], [237], [238] |
| Mavrilimumab | GM-CSFRα | Human antibody directed against the GM-CSF receptor α (GM-CSFRα) | [232] |
| Colchicine | Non-selective | inhibit the inflammasome activation of NLRP3 and pyrin domain | [224], [267], [268] |
| Corticosteroids | Non-Selective | Inhibition of HAT and recruitment of HDAC activity to the inflammatory gene transcriptional complex to downregulate inflammatory genes | [269], [270] |
| Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) | Non-Selective | regulates the behaviour of adaptive as well as innate immune cells | [271] |
| Remedesivir | Non-selective | Broad spectrum antiviral adenosine analogue prodrug that inhibits viral RNA synthesis | [272] |
HAT: histone acetylase, HDACs: histone deacetylases, JAK-STAT: Janus kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription, NLRP3: NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3