Table 1.
Overview of the Association Between Frailty and Functional Status Instruments and Mortality, Classified by Patient Population.
| Author, year | N | Tool | Follow-up | Analysis a | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD non-dialysis patients | |||||
| Frailty Tools, overall frailty or individual domains | |||||
| Delgado, 2015 | 812 | Frailty, self-report [modified Fried and Woods] | 17 years b | Not Frail [reference (ref)] vs: Intermediately Frail: aHR 1.43 (1.11-1.83) c Frail: aHR 1.48 (1.08-2.00) c |
Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Pugh, 2016 | 283 | Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) [adapted] | 3 years | Per 1-category increase in CFS: aHR 1.35 (1.16-1.57) d | ↑ frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Ali, 2018 | 104 | Combined PRISMA/Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) | 1.7 years e | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 4.27 (1.22-14.9) f | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Vezza, 2019 | 115 | Frailty Index | 1 year e | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aOR 2.32 (0.23-23.12)
c
Per unit increase: aOR 1.17 (1.05-1.31) c |
↑ frailty was associated with ↑ odds of mortality. |
| Meulendijks, 2015 | 63 | Groningen Frailty Indicator | 1 year | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: RR 3.23 (1.02-10.2) g | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Androga, 20176 | 1101 | Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Index (ASMI) | 9.4 yearsb,e | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.24 (0.98-1.58) c | Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Kruse, 2020 | 351 | Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (SMI) | 7 years | Normal (ref) vs: Men Class I Sarcopenia: aHR 1.13 (0.82-1.57) c Class II Sarcopenia: aHR 1.20 (0.82-1.74) c Women Class I Sarcopenia: aHR 0.92 (0.74-1.15) c Class II Sarcopenia: aHR 0.98 (0.69-1.38) c |
Sarcopenia in men and women was not associated with mortality. |
| Pereira, 201595 | 287 | Sarcopenia Method A (Midarm Muscle Circumference [MAMC] + Handgrip Strength [HGS]) | 3.3 years e | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.62 (0.69-3.82) c | Sarcopenia Method A (MAMC + HGS) was not an independent predictor of mortality. |
| Pereira, 201595 | 287 | Sarcopenia Method B (Subjective Global Assessment [SGA]) + HGS) | 3.3 years e | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.80 (0.78-4.17) c | Sarcopenia Method B (SGA + HGS) was not an independent predictor of mortality. |
| Pereira, 201595 | 287 | Sarcopenia Method C (Skeletal Muscle Mass Index [SMI]) + HGS) | 3.3 years e | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 3.02 (1.30-7.05) c | Sarcopenia Method C (SMI + HGS) was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Roshanravan, 2013104 | 322 | Gait Speed | 3 years b | >0.8m/s (ref) vs ≤0.8m/s: aHR 2.45 (1.09-5.54)
c
Per 0.1 m/s slower: aHR 1.26 (1.09-1.47) c |
Slower gait speed was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Clarke, 201921 | 431 | Gait Speed [self-report] | 3.6 yearsb,e | ≥ 3 mph (ref) vs < 3 mph: aHR 2.70 (1.41-5.00)c,h | A faster walking pace was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Roshanravan, 2013104 | 309 | 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) | 3 years b | ≥350m (ref) vs <350m: aHR 2.82 (1.17-6.92)
c
Per 100m decrease: aHR 1.32 (0.96-1.85)c,i |
Shorter walk distance (<350m) was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Roshanravan, 2013104 | 362 | TUG | 3 years b | Fast (<12s) (ref) vs Slow (≥12s): aHR 1.81 (0.92-3.56)
c
Per 1s slower: aHR 1.08 (1.01-1.14) c |
Slower TUG (per 1s decrement) was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Roshanravan, 2013104 | 381 | HGS | 3 years b | Stronger (ref) vs Weak Grip: aHR 1.30 (0.71-2.37)
c
Per 1kg decrease: aHR 1.01 (0.98-1.04)c,i |
Lower HGS was not associated with mortality. |
| Watson, 2020 | 89 | Leg Extension Strength | 3.3 years j | Per 1kg decrease: aHR 1.04 (0.96-1.12) h | Muscle strength was not associated with mortality. |
| Navaneethan, 2014 | 2145 | Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) | 4.5 person yearse,j | ≥450 metabolic equivalent (MET)/week (ref) vs <450 MET/week: aHR 1.36 (1.00-1.85)
c
Per log unit MET/week decrease: aHR 1.03 (1.00-1.05) h |
LTPA below the recommended level was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Androga, 20176 | 1101 | LTPA | 9.4 yearsb,e | <500 MET-min/week (ref) vs 0 MET-min/week: aHR 1.47 (1.11-1.96)
h
500-2000 MET-min/week (ref) vs 0 MET-min/week: aHR 1.43 (1.05-1.96) h >2000 MET-min/week (ref) vs 0 MET-min/week: aHR 1.59 (1.16-2.17) h |
Activity level was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Rampersad, 2021 | 569 | Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) | 1194 days b | Light activity (ref) vs Low activity: aHR 1.11 (0.74-1.69)c,h Moderate to high activity (ref) vs Low activity: aHR 2.08 (1.18-3.70)c,h |
Low physical activity was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Clarke, 201921 | 437 | Walking | 3.6 yearsb,e | <1 walking hour/week (ref) vs 0 walking hours/week: aHR 2.08 (1.11-3.85)c,h 1-3 walking hours/week (ref) vs 0 walking hours/week: aHR 4.0 (1.75-9.09)c,h ≥3 walking hours/week (ref) vs 0 walking hours/week: aHR 2.08 (1.25-4.35)c,h |
No walking was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Functional status tools | |||||
| Clarke, 201921 | 450 | Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) | 3.6 yearsb,e | >19.2 summed METs (ref) vs ≤19.2 summed METs: aHR 1.96 (1.14-3.33)c,h Per 1-unit decrease: aHR 1.03 (1.01-1.05)c,h |
↓ physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Ritchie, 2014 | 1515 | Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) | 2.9 years b | KPS = 100 (ref) vs: KPS = 90: aHR 1.20 (0.94-1.52) c KPS ≤ 80: aHR 1.80 (1.35-2.41) c |
Lower KPS is associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Incident dialysis patients | |||||
| Frailty Tools, overall frailty or individual domains | |||||
| McAdams-DeMarco, 2015 | 324 | Fried Frailty Index | 1 year | Not Frail (ref) vs: Intermediately Frail: RR 1.23 (0.53-2.83) g Frail: RR 1.15 (0.48-2.74) g |
Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| van Loon, 2019128 | 192 | Fried Frailty Index [modified low activity] | 1 year e | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 7.22 (2.47-21.13) c | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| López-Montes, 2020 | 117 | Fried Frailty Index [modified low activity] | 1 year e | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 2.6 (0.9-7.9) c | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Johansen, 200748 | 2275 | Johansen Frailty Criteria [modified Fried and Woods] | 1 year | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 2.24 (1.60-3.15) | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Bao, 2012 | 1576 | Frailty, self-report [modified Fried, Woods, Johansen] | 2.9 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 1.57 (1.25-1.97) c | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Alfaadhel, 2015 | 372 | CFS | 1.7 years b | Per 1-category increase: aHR 1.21 (1.02-1.43) c | ↑ frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2019128 | 192 | Clinical Impression [physician] | 1 year e | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 4.10 (1.19-14.14) c | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2019128 | 192 | Geriatric Assessment | 1 year e | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 2.97 (1.19-7.45) c | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2019128 | 192 | Groningen Frailty Indicator | 1 year e | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: HR 1.71 (0.76-3.86) k | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| van Loon, 2019128 | 192 | Surprise Question | 1 year e | Surprised (ref) vs Not Surprised: HR 0.89 (0.33-2.39) k | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Isoyama, 201440 | 330 | Sarcopenia | 2.4 yearsb,e | Appropriate muscle mass and strength (ref) vs Sarcopenia (low muscle mass and strength): aHR 1.93 (1.01-3.71) c | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Xu, 2020136 | 229 | Sarcopenia (Lean Mass Index [LMI] + HGS) | 3 yearse,j | Normal HGS and LMI (ref) vs Sarcopenia (low HGS and LMI): aHR 2.49 (1.61-3.85) d | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2019128 | 192 | TUG | 1 year e | Not impaired (ref) vs Severely impaired: aHR 1.97 (0.80-4.85) c | Impairment was not associated with mortality. |
| Stenvinkel, 2002 | 169 | HGS | 3.1 yearse,j | Per 1kg decrease: Entire cohort: aHR 1.04 (0.99-1.08)d,h Men: aHR 1.08 (1.03-1.12)d,h Women: aHR 1.03 (0.96-1.11)d,h |
In men, decreasing HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Hellberg, 201437 | Right: 132 Left: 130 |
HGS | 3.5 years b | Per unit decrease: Right hand: aHR 9.09 (0.99-100) h Left hand: aHR 9.09 (1.35-50.0) h |
Decreasing left HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Isoyama, 201440 | 330 | HGS | 2.4 yearsb,e | Appropriate muscle strength (ref) vs Low muscle strength: aHR 1.79 (1.09-2.94)
c
Per 1 standard deviation (SD) decrease: aHR 3.13 (1.75-5.56)c,h |
Low muscle strength was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Xu, 2020136 | 327 | HGS | 3 yearse,j | High (ref) vs Low: aHR 1.96 (1.35-2.84) d | Low HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Hellberg, 201437 | 100 | Isometric Quadriceps Strength | 3.5 years b | Per unit decrease: Right leg: HR 1.27 (0.17-9.09)c,h Left leg: HR 2.56 (0.28-25.0)c,h |
Decreasing isometric quadriceps strength was not associated with mortality. |
| Hellberg, 201437 | Right: 103 Left: 104 |
Standing Heel Rise | 3.5 years b | Per unit decrease: Right foot: aHR 1.32 (0.26-6.67) h Left foot: aHR 3.13 (0.61-16.7) h |
Decreasing heel raises was not associated with mortality. |
| Hellberg, 201437 | Right: 108 Left: 106 |
Toe Lift | 3.5 years b | Per unit decrease: Right foot: HR 4.55 (0.69-33.3)c,h Left foot: HR 5.26 (0.77-3.33)c,h |
Decreasing toe lifts was not associated with mortality. |
| Johansen, 200748 | 2275 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | 1 year | Score ≥55 (ref) vs <55: aHR 1.30 (0.97-1.76) c | Fatigue was not associated with mortality. |
| Johansen, 200748 | 2275 | Physical Activity | 1 year | Active (ref) vs Inactive: aHR 1.79 (1.42-2.25) c | Inactivity was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Functional status tools | |||||
| Inaguma, 2016 | 1496 | Barthel Index (BI) | 3.3 years e | High BI (score = 100) (ref) vs: Middle BI (75≤BI<100): aHR 1.61 (1.07-2.41) Low BI (<75): aHR 1.99 (1.46-2.70) |
Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Shum, 2014 | 157 | Basic Activities of Daily Living | 2.0 years b | Independent (ref) vs Impaired: HR 2.11 (1.28-3.46) c | Impaired activities of daily living was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Yazawa, 2016 | 7623 | Functional Status—Ability to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADL) | 1 year | Mild disability/none (ref) vs: Moderate: aRR 1.83 (1.54-2.16) c Severe: aRR 2.35 (1.97-2.81) c |
Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Shah, 2018 | 49645 | Functional Status—Form CMS-2728 | 1.8 yearse,j | Good functional status (ref) vs Poor functional status: aHR 1.28 (1.24-1.33) c | Poor functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Wetmore, 2019 | 80284 | Functional Status Score | 0.5 years e | Score ≤ 0 (high functional status) (ref): Score 1-2: aOR 1.27 (1.20-1.34) Score 3-4: aOR 1.41 (1.33-1.49) Score 5-6: aOR 1.68 (1.54-1.84) Score ≥ 7 (low functional status): aOR 1.67 (1.45-1.92) |
Lower functional status was associated with ↑ odds of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2019128 | 192 | Katz’ ADL | 1 year e | Not impaired (ref) vs Impaired: aHR 3.20 (1.45-7.06) c | Impairment was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2019128 | 192 | Lawton and Brody’s Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale | 1 year e | Not impaired vs Impaired [stratified by age, < or ≥ 80 years]: P value: <.01 c |
Impairment was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Hatakeyama, 2013 | 141 | Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) | 10 years e | ECOG-PS ≤1 (ref) vs >1: aHR 1.27 (1.08-1.49) | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| McClellan, 1991 | 294 | KPS | 479.6 days j | Per 10-unit decrease: aHR 1.35 (1.1-1.64)c,h | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Chandna, 1999 | 292 | KPS | 5.3 years e | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.22 (1.10-1.34)c,d,h,i | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Utas, 2001 | 334 | KPS | 2.0 yearse,j | aHR Not reported; P value: <.05 l | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Joly, 2003 | 101 | KPS | 1 year | Normal Activity (KPS 80-100)/Requires Assistance (50-100) (ref) vs Dependent (10-40): aHR 2.34 (1.00-5.50)c,f | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Revuelta, 200475 | 293 | KPS [modified] | 771 days b | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.13 (0.86-1.48)c,f | Decreasing functional status was not associated with mortality. |
| Arai, 2014 | 202 | Mobility—Criteria for Impaired Elderly | 0.5 yearse,j | Independent mobility before and after dialysis (ref) vs Independent before dialysis, but decline after dialysis: aHR 3.80 (1.02-14.1)
d
Independent mobility before and after dialysis (ref) vs Impaired mobility before dialysis: aHR 4.94 (1.42-17.1) d Independent mobility before dialysis (ref) vs Impaired mobility: aHR 2.76 (1.13-6.77) d No decline in mobility after starting dialysis (ref) vs Decline: aHR 4.82 (1.72-13.5) d |
Impaired mobility and declines in mobility were associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Knight, 2003 | 14815 | SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) | 1 year | Score ≥50 (ref) vs: ≥40 to <50: aHR 1.17 (0.98-1.41) c ≥30 to <40: aHR 1.32 (1.11-1.57) c ≥20 to <30: aHR 1.62 (1.36-1.92) c <20: aHR 1.97 (1.64-2.36) c Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.25 (1.18-1.33) |
Impaired functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Revuelta, 200475 | 293 | SF-36 PCS | 771 days b | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.16 (0.78-1.71)c,f | Decreasing functional status was not associated with mortality. |
| Johansen, 200748 | 2275 | SF-36 Physical Function (PF) Scale | 1 year | Score ≥75 (ref) vs <75: aHR 2.07 (1.33-3.24) c | Lower PF is associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Argyropoulos, 2009 | 491 | SF-36 PF Scale | 3.5 years j | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.05 (1.01-1.11)c,h,i | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Chronic dialysis patients | |||||
| Frailty Tools, overall frailty or individual domains | |||||
| McAdams-DeMarco, 2013 | 146 | Fried Frailty Index | 3.0 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs: Intermediately Frail: aHR 2.65 (1.05-6.67) c Frail: aHR 2.87 (1.17-7.03) c |
Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Johansen, 2016 49 | 728 | Fried Frailty Index | 1.7 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 1.78 (1.15-2.80) c | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Yadla, 2017 | 205 | Fried Frailty Index | 1 year | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: HR 0.75 (0.30-1.88) c | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Sy, 2019 | 746 | Fried Frailty Index | 2 years | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail (at baseline): aHR 1.40 (1.07-1.83)
c
Not Frail (ref) vs Frail (at any point during follow-up): aHR 1.53 (1.05-2.23) c |
Frailty at baseline was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. Developing frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | Fried Frailty Index [modified low activity] | 3.3 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 2.03 (0.97-4.24) | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Jafari, 2020 | 97 | Fried Frailty Index [modified low activity] | 1 year | Not Frail/Pre-Frail (ref) vs Frail: RR 2.11 (0.78-5.72) g | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Johansen, 201649 | 728 | Fried Frailty Index [modified slowness, weakness, exhaustion] | 1.7 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 1.66 (1.06-2.60) c | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kang, 201755 | 1250 (HD); 366 (PD) | Johansen Frailty Criteria [modified weight loss] | 489 days
j
(HD) 467 days j (PD) |
HD Not Frail/Pre-Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 2.35 (1.36-4.05) PD Not Frail/Pre-Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 1.75 (0.68-4.49) |
Frailty in hemodialysis patients was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Lee, 201770 | 1658 | Johansen Frailty Criteria [modified weight loss] | 1.4 yearsb,e | Not Frail (ref) vs: Pre-Frail: aHR 1.01 (0.48-2.12) Frail: aHR 2.08 (1.04-4.16) |
Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Bancu, 2017 | 320 | Fried Frailty Index + Dialysis Time/Week | 1 year | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: RR 1.77 (0.71-4.42) g | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | Fried Frailty Index [modified low activity] + Clinical Impression [physician] | 3.3 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 2.03 (0.97-5.08) | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Kamijo, 201853 | 119 | CFS [adapted] | 589 days j | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 9.83 (1.80-53.7) | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | Clinical Impression [nurse] | 3.3 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 1.92 (0.88-4.18) | Frailty was not associated with mortality |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | Clinical Impression [physician] | 3.3 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 2.32 (1.10-4.89) | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Shimoda, 2018 | 314 | Combined Score | 6.5 years | Low score (<5) (ref) vs High score (≥5): aHR 3.63 (1.73-7.59)
c
Per 1-point increase: aHR 1.28 (1.14-1.43) c |
Higher Combined Score was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Jiang, 2020 | 1424026 | Frailty (Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups) | Not reported | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aOR 2.46 (2.41-2.51) | Frailty was associated with ↑ odds of death while hospitalized for any reason. |
| Ng, 2016 | 193 | Frailty Score | 1.9 yearse,j | aHR: 1.21 (0.94-1.54)d,l | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Chan, 2020 | 267 | Frailty Score | 2 years | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 1.79 (1.09-2.94) d | Frailty was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Jegatheswaran, 2020 | 261 | FRAIL Questionnaire | 1.5 years e | Not Frail (ref) vs: Pre-Frail: RR 1.30 (0.68-2.48) g Frail: RR 1.26 (0.53-2.99) g |
Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Chao, 202020 | 33 | Laboratory Deficit-Based Frailty Index-1 | 2.7 yearse,j | Not Frail vs Frail: P value: .01 c |
Frailty was associated with mortality. |
| Chao, 202020 | 33 | Laboratory Deficit-Based Frailty Index-2 | 2.7 yearse,j | Not Frail vs Frail: P value: .07 c |
Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | Short Physical Performance Battery | 3.3 years b | Not Frail (ref) vs Frail: aHR 1.54 (0.63-3.77) | Frailty was not associated with mortality. |
| Kang, 201356 | 534 | ASMI | 3.7 yearse,j | Middle/High ASMI (ref) vs Low ASMI: Male: aHR 1.21 (0.74-1.98) d Female: aHR 1.52 (0.88-2.64) d |
Low ASMI was not associated with mortality. |
| Rymarz, 2018 | 48 | Lean Tissue Index | 2.5 yearse,j | No Sarcopenia vs Sarcopenia: P value: .055 c |
Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Kang, 201356 | 534 | Limb/Trunk Lean Mass Ratio (LTLM) | 3.7 yearse,j | Middle/High LTLM (ref) vs Low LTLM: Male: aHR 1.88 (1.24-2.84)c,d Female: aHR 2.20 (1.36-3.54)c,d |
Low LTLM was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Noori, 2010 | 792 | MAMC | 730 days b | Highest quartile (Q4) (ref) vs Lowest quartile (Q1): aHR 1.59 (0.94-2.63)c,h Q3 (ref) vs Q1: aHR 1.45 (0.93-2.22)c,h Q2 (ref) vs Q1: aHR 1.16 (0.78-1.72)c,h |
Lower MAMC was not associated with mortality. |
| Jin, 2017 | 117 | Relative Appendicular Skeletal Muscle (RASM) | 5.0 yearse,j | No Sarcopenia (at 1 year) vs Sarcopenia (at 1 year): aHR 2.31 (1.11-4.81) d | Low RASM was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Lin, 2020 | 271 | SARC-F | 2 years | SARC-F <1 (ref) vs SARC-F ≥1: aHR 2.87 (1.11-7.38)
c
Per 1-point increase: aHR 1.12 (0.98-1.29) c |
High SARC-F score was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Mori, 2019 | 308 | Sarcopenia | 6.3 yearse,j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.31 (0.81-2.10) | Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Giglio, 201832 | 170 | Sarcopenia [modified] | 1.4 yearsb,e | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 2.09 (1.05-4.20) | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Yamamoto, 2021138 | 542 | Sarcopenia (Creatinine Index [CrI] + Gait Speed) | 3.0 years b | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 4.20 (2.38-7.41) | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Yamamoto, 2021138 | 542 | Sarcopenia (CrI + HGS) | 3.0 years b | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 3.79 (2.09-6.87) | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Souweine, 2020114 | 187 | Sarcopenia (CrI + Maximal Voluntary Force) | 2.0 yearse,j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.60 (0.76-3.35) d | Sarcopenia was not associated with risk of mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 643 | Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass/Height² + Weakness) | 1.9 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 2.23 (0.99-5.00) c | Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 643 | Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass/Body Weight (BW) + Weakness) | 1.9 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.24 (0.63-2.43) c | Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 643 | Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass/Body Surface Area (BSA) + Weakness) | 1.9 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.53 (0.84-2.78) c | Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 643 | Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass/body mass index (BMI) + Weakness) | 1.9 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.65 (0.88-3.08) c | Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 644 | Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass/Height² + Slowness) | 1.9 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 2.92 (1.33-6.41) c | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 644 | Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass/BW + Slowness) | 1.9 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.56 (0.85-2.83) c | Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 644 | Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass/BSA + Slowness) | 1.9 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 1.46 (0.83-2.58) c | Sarcopenia was not associated with mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 644 | Sarcopenia (Muscle Mass/BMI + Slowness) | 1.9 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 2.51 (1.41-4.66) c | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kamijo, 201853 | 119 | Sarcopenia (RASM + HGS/Gait Speed) | 500 days | No Sarcopenia vs Sarcopenia: P value: <.001 c |
Sarcopenia was associated with mortality. |
| Lin, 202073 | 126 | Sarcopenia (SMI + HGS/Gait Speed) | 3 years | No Sarcopenia vs Sarcopenia: P value: .037 c |
Sarcopenia was associated with mortality. |
| Ren, 2016 | 131 | Sarcopenia Method C (SMI + HGS) | 1 year | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: RR 12.5 (1.20-131.4) g | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kim, 201757 | 142 | Sarcopenia Status | 4.3 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 6.99 (1.84-26.5) | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Song, 2020 | 88 | Sarcopenia Status | 5.2 years j | No Sarcopenia (ref) vs Sarcopenia: aHR 2.72 (1.11-6.63) | Sarcopenia was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | Weight Loss | 3.3 years b | No weight loss (ref) vs Weight loss: aHR 1.34 (0.57-3.14) | Weight loss was not associated with mortality. |
| Kutner, 2015 | 742 | Gait Speed | 703 days b | ≥0.6m/s (ref) vs: <0.6 m/s: aHR 2.17 (1.19-3.98) c Unable to perform walk: aHR 6.93 (4.01-11.9) c Per 0.1 m/s decrease: aHR 1.17 (1.05-1.31) |
Slower walk speed and being unable to walk was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 645 | Gait Speed | 1.9 years j | Normal (ref) vs Slow: aHR 2.25 (1.36-3.74)
c
Per 1 SD decrease in Gait Speed: aHR 1.35 (0.97-1.85)c,h |
Slow walking speed was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kamijo, 201853 | 119 | Gait Speed | 589 days j | Normal (ref) vs Slow: aHR 19.3 (0.82-454.1) | Gait speed was not associated with mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | Gait Speed | 3.3 years b | Normal (ref) vs Slow: aHR 1.28 (0.60-2.73) | Slowness was not associated with mortality. |
| Lin, 202073 | 126 | Gait Speed | 3 years | Normal vs Slow: P value: .020 c |
Slow gait speed was associated with mortality. |
| Yamamoto, 2021138 | 542 | Gait Speed | 3.0 years b | Per 1 SD (0.3 m/s) decrease: aHR 1.67 (1.56-1.79) h | Decreasing gait speed was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kohl, 2012 | 52 | 6MWT | 12 years | Per 100m decrease: aHR 1.89 (1.35-2.7)d,h | Shorter walk distance was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Torino, 2014 | 296 | 6MWT | 3.3 years b | Per 100m decrease: aHR 1.76 (1.34-2.39)c,h,i | Shorter walk distance was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Shi, 2017 | 145 | 6MWT | 1.9 yearsb,e | Long (ref) vs Short 6MWT: RR 2.89 (1.1-7.64) g | Shorter walk distance was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Valenzuela, 2019125 | 30 | 6MWT | 1.5 years e | Long (ref) vs Short: RR 5.0 (1.31-19.07) c | Shorter walk distance was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Wang, 2005 | 180 | HGS | 2.5 yearse,j | Per 1kg decrease: aHR 1.05 (1.01-1.09)c,h | Decreasing HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Matos, 2014 | 443 | HGS | 2.8 yearsb,e | High (ref) vs Low: Entire cohort: aHR 2.81 (1.62-4.88) c Men: aHR 3.57 (1.79-7.10) c Women: aHR 2.48 (0.87-7.03) c |
Low HGS in the entire cohort and in males only was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Vogt, 2016 | 265 | HGS | 1.1 yearse,j | High (ref) vs Low: aHR 2.04 (1.12-3.7)d,h | Low HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kim, 201757 | 142 | HGS | 4.3 years j | Appropriate Strength (ref) vs Low Strength: aHR 5.65 (1.99-16.0) | Low HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kittiskulnam, 201758 | 645 | HGS | 1.9 years j | Normal (ref) vs Weak: aHR 1.68 (1.01-2.79)
c
Per 1 SD decrease in HGS: aHR 1.49 (1.06-2.13)c,h |
Weak HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Giglio, 201832 | 170 | HGS | 1.4 yearsb,e | Appropriate Strength (ref) vs Low Strength: aHR 1.84 (0.92-3.68) | Low HGS was not associated with mortality. |
| Kamijo, 201853 | 119 | HGS | 589 days j | Normal (ref) vs Low: aHR 0.95 (0.77-1.17) | HGS was not associated with mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | HGS | 3.3 years b | Normal (ref) vs Weak: aHR 2.82 (1.36-5.83) | Weak HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Valenzuela, 2019125 | 30 | HGS | 1.5 years e | High (ref) vs Low: RR 3.0 (1.01-8.95) c | Low HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Lin, 202073 | 126 | HGS | 3 years | Normal vs Low: P value: .014 c |
Low HGS was associated with mortality. |
| Yamamoto, 2021138 | 542 | HGS | 3.0 years b | Per 1 SD (8.7 kg) decrease: aHR 1.96 (1.85-2.08) h | Decreasing HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Zhang, 2020 | 174 | Biceps Muscle Strength | 1 year e | High (ref) vs Low: aHR 7.14 (1.28-50.0)c,h Per 1kg decrease: aHR 1.32 (1.10-1.59)c,h |
Low biceps muscle strength was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Souweine, 2020114 | 187 | Dynapenia | 2.0 yearse,j | No Dynapenia (ref) vs Dynapenia: aHR 2.99 (1.18-7.61) d | Low muscle strength was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Matsuzawa, 2014 | 190 | Lower extremity muscle strength | 3.0 yearsb,e | ≥40% (ref) vs <40%: aHR 2.73 (1.14-6.52) | Low lower extremity strength was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Valenzuela, 2019125 | 30 | 30-Second Chair Stand | 1.5 years e | More repetitions (ref) vs Less repetitions: RR 3.0 (1.01-8.95) c | Fewer sit-to-stand repetitions were associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Exhaustion | 3.3 years b | No exhaustion (ref) vs Exhaustion: aHR 1.16 (0.60-2.22) | Exhaustion was not associated with mortality. |
| Koyama, 2010 | 788 | Fukuda Fatigue Scale | 2.2 yearsb,e | Normal (ref) vs Highly fatigued: HR Not reported; P value >.05 c | Fatigue was not associated with mortality. |
| Ducharlet, 201928 | 102 | Palliative Care Outcome Scale Symptoms (POS-S) Renal—Weakness | 254 days j | No weakness/low energy (ref) vs Weakness/low energy: HR 2.0 (0.4-7.8) c | Weakness or low energy was not associated with mortality. |
| Mapes, 200379 | 10030 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | Not reported | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.09 (1.07-1.12) | ↑ fatigue was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Takaki, 2005117 | 490 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | 986 days j | Per 1 SD decrease: aHR Not reported; P value >.05 | ↑ fatigue was not associated with mortality |
| Jhamb, 2009 | 705 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | 1065 days b | Score >55 (ref) vs Score ≤55: aHR 1.33 (1.04-1.72)c,h | Fatigue was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Jhamb, 2011 | 1798 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | 2.8 years j | High vitality (Q4) (ref) vs: Q3: aHR 1.07 (0.84-1.35) c Q2: aHR 1.19 (0.98-1.45) c Low vitality (Q1): aHR 1.37 (1.12-1.67) c |
↑ fatigue was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Bossola, 2015 | 115 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | 3.6 yearse,j | Low fatigue (score ≥65) (ref) vs: ≥50 to <65: aHR 3.23 (1.23-8.46) c ≥35 to <50: aHR 5.11 (2.01-13.0) c High fatigue (score <35): aHR 5.29 (2.2-12.7) c |
↑ fatigue was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2017127 | 714 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | 2 years | Score >66 (ref) vs Score ≤66: aHR 1.37 (0.91-2.06)
c
Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.12 (1.03-1.21) i |
↑ fatigue was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kalantar, 201952 | 753 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | 5 years | High vitality (Q4) (ref) vs: Q3: aHR 1.03 (0.66-1.63) c Q2: aHR 1.00 (0.63-1.59) c Low vitality (Q1): aHR 1.88 (1.29-2.74) c Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.11 (1.05-1.19)c,h |
↑ fatigue was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Torino, 2019121 | 245 | SF-36 Vitality Scale | 2.2 years b | Per unit decrease: aHR 1.09 (1.00-1.19)h,l | Fatigue was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kurita, 2019 | 3667 | SF-12 Vitality Scale | 2.7 years b | Energy a little of the time (ref) vs None of the time: aHR 1.00 (0.75-1.33)c,h Energy some of the time (ref) vs None of the time: aHR 1.33 (1.04-1.69)c,h Energy most of the time (ref) vs None of the time: aHR 1.52 (1.08-2.13)c,h Energy all of the time (ref) vs None of the time: aHR 1.69 (0.84-3.45)c,h Per 1-level lower energy level: aHR 1.16 (1.04-1.28)c,h |
Lower energy was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kutner, 199765 | 348 | Exercise Activity Score | 7 years | Per 3-unit shift toward less exercise: aOR 1.58 (CI, not reported); P value: .047 d | Decreasing exercise activity was associated with ↑ odds of mortality. |
| Tentori, 2010 | 20912 | Exercise Frequency | 1.7 years b | Regular (≥1/week) (ref) vs Non-regular (<1/week): aHR 1.37 (1.28-1.45)c,h Per decrease in each exercise frequency category: aHR 1.11 (1.09-1.14)c,h Exercise frequency: 1/week (ref) vs Never or <1/week: aHR 1.22 (1.1-1.37)c,h 2-3/week (ref) vs Never or <1/week: aHR 1.39 (1.27-1.52)c,h 4-5/week (ref) vs Never or <1/week: aHR 1.37 (1.16-1.61)c,h 6-7/week (ref) vs Never or <1/week: aHR 1.45 (1.32-1.59)c,h |
Low levels of physical activity were associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Brar, 201915 | 109 | PASE | 3.3 years b | Normal physical activity (ref) vs Low physical activity: aHR 1.81 (0.88-3.71) | Low physical activity was not associated with mortality. |
| Kang, 201754 | 1611 | Physical Activity—World Health Organization Recommendations | 500 days | Active (ref) vs: Intermediate: RR 1.09 (0.59-2.01) g Inactive: RR 1.46 (0.84-2.54) g |
Low levels of physical activity were not associated with mortality. |
| Lopes, 2014 | 5763 | Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity | 1.6 years b | Infrequently active (ref) vs Never/rarely active: aHR 1.12 (0.91-1.39)f,h Sometimes active (ref) vs Never/rarely active: aHR 1.19 (0.95-1.49)f,h Often active (ref) vs Never/rarely active (ref): aHR 1.23 (1.04-1.47)f,h Very active (ref) vs Never/rarely active (ref): aHR 1.67 (1.3-2.13)f,h |
Low levels of physical activity were associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Souweine, 2020114 | 187 | Voorrips Score | 2 yearse,j | Per unit decrease: aHR 3.57 (1.39-9.09)d,h | Decreased physical activity was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Functional status tools | |||||
| Anderson, 1990 | 44 | Activity of Daily Living Score | 0.41 patient yearse,j | Score ≥9.6 (ref) vs Score <9.6: aHR 2.6 (1.7-4.0) d | Lower ADL score was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Anderson, 1993 | 221 | Activity of Daily Living Score | 2.2 years e | Score >8 (ref) vs Score ≤8: aHR 2.0 (1.6-2.6) | Low functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Anderson, 1997 | 109 | Activity of Daily Living Score | 1.1 yeare,j | Per 1-point lower: aHR 1.1 (1.04-1.15)d,h | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Watanabe, 2021 | 300 | ADL Difficulty | 4.8 years b | Higher ADL (ref) vs Lower ADL: aHR 2.70 (1.57-4.64)
c
Per 1-point decrease in ADL: aHR 1.05 (1.02-1.08)c,h |
Lower ADL was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kang, 201755 | 1250 (HD); 366 (PD) | Disability | 489 days
j
(HD) 467 days j (PD) |
HD No Disability (ref) vs Disability: aHR 2.13 (1.20-3.78) PD No Disability (ref) vs Disability: aHR 0.97 (0.40-2.36) |
Disability in HD patients was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Lee, 201770 | 1658 | Disability | 1.4 yearsb,e | No Disability (ref) vs Disability: HR 2.47 (1.59-3.82) c | Disability associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kutner, 1994 | 287 | Functional Limitations Score | 2.8 years e | Severe impairment vs Moderate to No impairment in functional status x time: aHR Not reported; P value: .01 | Severely low functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kutner, 199765 | 348 | Functional Limitations Score | 7 years | Functional status moderately or severely impaired vs no impairment: aOR Not reported; P value not reported d | Greater functional impairment at baseline was associated with ↑ odds of mortality. This effect varied based on patient age. An interaction between baseline functional impairment and age was reported. |
| Sood, 2011 | 1286 | Katz’ ADL | 7.5 days b | Per 1-point change toward more impaired: aOR 1.16 (1.11-1.22) | Increased impairment in functional status was associated with ↑ odds of in-hospital mortality. |
| Shavit, 2014 | 56 | Katz’ ADL | 2 years | Unimpaired (ref) vs Impaired: aOR Not reported; P value: .002 f | Functional impairment was associated with ↑ odds mortality. |
| Bossola, 201614 | 132 | Katz’ ADL | 7.5 years e | No functional impairment (ref) vs Impaired: aHR 2.47 (1.07-5.67) c | Functional impairment was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Farrokhi, 2013 | 167 | 4-Item Essential ADL Score | 5 years | Score 0 (no disability) (ref) vs: Score 1: aHR 2.18 (0.50-9.46) d Score 2: aHR 1.61 (0.35-7.26) d Score 3: aHR 2.50 (0.56-11.2) d Score 4 (severe disability): aHR 12.5 (2.44-65.0) d |
Severely low functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Bossola, 201614 | 132 | Lawton and Brody’s Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale | 7.5 years e | No functional impairment (ref) vs Impaired: aHR 0.80 (0.36-1.76) c | Functional impairment was not associated with mortality. |
| Jassal, 2016 | 7226 | Functional Status Score (ADL & IADL) | 1.4 yearsb,e | Functionally independent (score = 13) (ref) vs: Score 11 to <13: aHR 1.24 (1.03-1.48) c Score 8 to <11: aHR 1.65 (1.38-1.99) c Score <8: aHR 2.37 (1.92-2.94) c |
Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Tennankore, 2019 | 2593 | Functional Status Score (ADL & IADL) | 1.2 yearsb,e | Independent (score = 13) (ref) vs: Score 11 to <13: aHR 1.57 (1.13-2.20) Score 8 to <11: aHR 3.23 (2.27-4.60) Score <8: aHR 4.01 (2.44-6.61) |
Increased functional impairment was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Matsuzawa, 2019 | 817 | Functional Status Score (ADL & IADL) | 704 days b | No decline (ref) vs Decline: aHR 2.68 (1.31-5.50) No decline (ref) vs Decline in at least 1/13 functional status tasks: aHR 2.81 (1.25-6.33) |
A decline in Functional Status Score was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. A decline in at least 1 Functional Status Score task was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| McClellan, 1992 | 2701 | KPS | 1 year | Score ≥ 70 (ref) vs Score <70: aHR 1.68 (1.32-2.13) | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Ifudu, 1998 | 319 | KPS [modified] | 3 years | Score ≥70 (ref) vs Score <70: aHR Not reported; P value: .14 c | Decreasing functional status was not associated with mortality. |
| Freedman, 2001 | 3442 | KPS [modified] | 5 years | Highest functional status category (ref) vs: Second: aHR 0.9 (0.7-1.1) c Third: aHR 1.1 (0.9-1.4) c Lowest: aHR 1.6 (1.2-2.0) c |
Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Ducharlet, 201928 | 102 | POS-S Renal-Mobility | 254 days j | Normal mobility (ref) vs Low mobility: HR 4.6 (1.2-17.2) c | Low mobility was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Roberts, 1976 | 641 | State of Health | 5 years | Health Status 1 (ref) vs: Health Status 2: RR 1.21 (1.00-1.46) g Health Status 3: RR 1.57 (1.27-1.94) g Health Status 4: RR 1.58 (0.96-2.43) g Health Status 5: RR not compared due to small n |
Lower functional status was associated with ↑ risk of death. |
| DeOreo, 1997 | 1000 | SF-36 PCS | 531 days j | Per 10-unit decrease: aHR 1.25 (1.02-1.49)h,i | Decreasing PCS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Lowrie, 2003 | 13952 | SF-36 PCS | 0.5 years e | Per 10-unit decrease: aOR 1.22 (1.20-1.25)h,i | Lower functional status was associated with ↑ odds of mortality. |
| Mapes, 200379 | 10030 | SF-36 PCS | Not reported | Score >46 (ref) vs: Score 39-46: aHR 1.03 (0.85-1.25) c Score 33-38: aHR 1.34 (1.10-1.63) c Score 26-32: aHR 1.50 (1.24-1.80) c Score <25: aHR 1.81 (1.49-2.20) c Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.25 (1.20-1.30) c |
Decreasing PCS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Takaki, 2005117 | 490 | SF-36 PCS | 986 days j | Per 1 SD decrease: aHR Not reported; P value >.05 | Decreased PCS was not associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Lacson, 201068 | 44395 | SF-36 PCS | 1 year | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.28 (1.25-1.31)h,i | Lower PCS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Peng, 2010 | 888 | SF-36 PCS | 7 years | Highest scores (Q4) (ref) vs: Q3: aHR 1.07 (0.70-1.65) Q2: aHR 1.69 (1.13-2.53) Lowest scores (Q1): aHR 1.85 (1.24-2.76) Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.34 (1.10-1.63)h,i |
Decreased PCS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Peng, 2013 | 816 | SF-36 PCS | 7 years | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.22 (1.10-1.48)h,i | Decreased PCS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Turkmen, 2014 | 63 | SF-36 PCS | 7 years | aHR Not reported; P value >.05d,l | PCS was not associated with mortality. |
| Kang, 201755 | 1250 (HD); 366 (PD) | SF-36 PCS | 489 days
j
(HD) 467 days j (PD) |
HD High PCS tertile (ref) vs Middle/Low PCS tertile: aHR 1.01 (1.00-1.02) h PD High PCS tertile (ref) vs Middle/Low PCS tertile: aHR 1.03 (1.01-1.05) h |
Decreased PCS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kalantar, 201952 | 753 | SF-36 PCS | 5 years | Q4 (high score) (ref) vs: Q3: aHR 0.98 (0.61-1.59) c Q2: aHR 1.54 (0.99-2.39) c Q1 (low score): aHR 2.30 (1.53-3.47) c Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.47 (1.27-1.72)c,h |
The lowest quartile of PCS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Brito, 202016 | 670 | SF-36 PCS | 9 years | Per 1-point increase: aHR Not reported; P value >.05 | Physical function was not associated with risk of mortality. |
| Lacson, 201068 | 44395 | SF-12 PCS | 1 year | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.28 (1.24-1.31)h,i | Decreasing physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Hall, 2019 | 1368 | SF-12 PCS | 151 days b | Per 10-point change m : aHR 0.82 (0.66-1.1)c,i | A change m in physical function was not associated with mortality. |
| Mapes, 200379 | 10030 | SF-36 PF Scale | Not reported | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.10 (1.08-1.11) | Decreasing physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Takaki, 2005117 | 490 | SF-36 PF Scale | 986 days j | Per 1 SD decrease: aHR Not reported; P value >.05 | Decreasing physical function was not associated with mortality. |
| Santos, 2012 | 161 | SF-36 PF Scale | 1 year e | Per 10-unit decrease: HR 1.22 (1.04-1.44)c,h,i | Decreasing physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| de Oliveira, 2016 | 76 | SF-36 PF Scale | 2 years | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.20 (1.04-1.38)d,h,i | Decreased physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2017126 | 679 | SF-36 PF Scale | 2 years | Good physical function vs: Intermediate: RR 1.41 (0.87-2.26) g Poor: RR 3.49 (2.31-5.27) g |
Decreased physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| van Loon, 2017127 | 714 | SF-36 PF Scale | 2 years | Score >66 (ref) vs Score ≤66: aHR 1.72 (1.02-2.73)
c
Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.14 (1.06-1.21) i |
Decreased physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Kalantar, 201952 | 753 | SF-36 PF Scale | 5 years | Q4 (high score) (ref) vs: Q3: aHR 0.98 (0.61-1.57) c Q2: aHR 1.04 (0.66-1.66) c Q1 (low score): aHR 1.87 (1.21-2.87) c Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.11 (1.05-1.18)c,h |
Decreased physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Torino, 2019121 | 245 | SF-36 PF Scale | 2.2 years b | Per unit decrease: aHR 1.14 (1.05-1.23)h,l | Decreasing physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Brito, 202016 | 670 | SF-36 PF Scale | 9 years | Per 10-point decrease: aHR 1.1 (1.0-1.1)h,i | Physical function was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Fukuma, 2017 | 1376 | SF-12 PF Scale | 1 year | Score 100 (highest function) (ref) vs: Score 75: aOR 0.57 (0.23-1.42) Score 50: aOR 0.66 (0.31-1.40) Score 25: aOR 1.04 (0.47-2.29) Score 0 (lowest function): aOR 2.48 (1.26-4.91) |
Decreased physical function was associated with ↑ odds of mortality. |
| Other | |||||
| Frailty Tools, overall frailty or individual domains | |||||
| Nixon, 2020 | 450 | CFS [adapted] | 210 days b | Per 1-point increase: aHR 2.15 (1.63-2.85) | Each point increase in CFS score was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Dai, 2017 | 985 | HGS | 5 years e | % HGS > 74.07 (ref) vs % HGS < 74.07: aRR 1.19 (1.13-1.25) c | Lower HGS was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
| Beddhu, 2009 | Not reported | LTPA | 7 years j | Active (ref) vs Inactive: aHR 2.27 (1.72-3.03)c,h Insufficient (ref) vs Inactive: aHR 1.72 (1.27-2.38)c,h |
Activity level was associated with ↑ risk of mortality. |
Note. References are available in supplementary material; McClellan, 1991, KPS reported as 0-10, converted to 0-100. ADL = Activities of Daily Living; aHR = adjusted hazard ratio; aOR = adjusted odds ratio; aRR = adjusted relative risk; ASMI = Appendicular Skeletal Mass Index; BI = Barthel Index; BMI = body mass index; BSA = body surface area; BW = body weight; CFS = Clinical Frailty Scale; CI = 95% confidence interval; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CrI = Creatinine Index; DASI = Duke Activity Status Index; ECOG-PS = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; HD = hemodialysis; HGS = handgrip strength; HR = unadjusted hazard ratio; IADL = Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; KPS = Karnofsky Performance Scale; LMI = Lean Mass Index; LTLM = Limb/Trunk Lean Mass Ratio; LTPA = Leisure Time Physical Activity; MAMC = midarm muscle circumference; MET = metabolic equivalent; OR = unadjusted odds ratio; PASE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; PCS = Physical Component Summary; PD = peritoneal dialysis; PF = Physical Function; POS-S = Palliative Care Outcome Scale–Symptoms; PRISMA = Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis; RASM = Relative Appendicular Skeletal Muscle; Ref = reference value; SGA = Subjective Global Assessment; SMI = Skeletal Muscle Mass Index; TUG = Timed Up-and-Go Test; RR = unadjusted relative risk; 6MWT = 6-Minute Walk Test.
a
All models adjusted for a minimum of age and sex, unless otherwise noted. Where a choice of models exists, the most fully adjusted model is presented.
b
Median.
c
Multiple adjusted models available.
d
Model not adjusted for sex.
e
Converted to years.
f
Model not adjusted for age or sex.
g
RR calculated from event data, or cumulative survival event data.
h
Scale inverted.
i
Scale change.
j
Mean.
k
Unadjusted model.
l
Reference group and comparator not reported, unit of measure not clearly reported.
m
Change defined as a clinically relevant decline or improvement.