TABLE 1.
Studies of VD in osteoporosis and muscle loss.
| Vitamin D | Methods | Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| VD3 | 36,282 postmenopausal women receive 1000 mg carbonate with 400 IU of VD3 daily or placebo for 7 years of follow-up | Calcium plus VD improved hip BMD a in postmenopausal women but did not significantly reduce hip fractures | Jackson et al. (2006) |
| VD3 | 160 women were into the VD group (1000 IU of VD3/day, n = 80) or placebo group (n = 80) for 9 months | In young postmenopausal women with VD deficiency, supplementation with 1000 IU of VD3 alone may reduce bone turnover (s-CTX b , P1NP c ) markers | Nahas-Neto et al. (2018) |
| Calcitriol | 70 post-menopausal women were into two groups: 40 patients received calcitriol (0.5 microg/day) and calcium; and 30 patients received calcium alone for 6 months | Calcitriol treatment increased BMD and reduced serum IL-1 and TNF-alpha concentrations | Inanir et al. (2004) |
| Cholecalciferol and calcitriol | 485 postmenopausal women were divided three group, which were treated with calcium (600 mg/d) alone, calcium and cholecalciferol (800 IU/d) or calcium and calcitriol (0.25 μg/d) | Supplementation with calcitriol and calcium modifies the bone turnover marker (β-CTX, P1NP) levels, supplementation with cholecalciferol and calcium prevents aging-mediated deterioration in quality of life | Gao et al. (2015) |
| Calcitriol | 141 postmenopausal women were into two groups: 75 participants received calcitriol 0.5 µg/day and 66 participants received a placebo for 12 weeks | Calcitriol reduces serum PTH d , creatinine, uric acid and improves left hand grip strength | Cheng et al. (2018) |
| Calcifediol | 113 post-menopausal women received calcifediol (20 μg, 4 oral drops/day) for a 6-month period for 6 months | Calcifediol improves serum levels of 25(OH)D and muscle function and reduces the average number of falls in postmenopausal women | Iolascon et al. (2017) |
| 1alpha hydroxyVD3 | 92 osteoporotic women were into four groups: 1alpha hydroxyVD3, (0.75 microg/day, n = 29), VK2 (n = 22), VD3 plus vitamin VK2 (n = 21), and calcium (n = 20) | Combined administration of VD3 and VK2 helps to increase BMD in the lumbar spine of postmenopausal women | Iwamoto et al. (2000) |
| VD3 | 160 postmenopausal women were into two groups: VD group, (1,000 IU/day, n = 80) and placebo group (n = 80) for 9 months | VD supplementation alone can reduce the incidence of falls and improve postural balance in postmenopausal women | Cangussu et al. (2016) |
a
Bone Mineral Density.
b
Serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen.
c
Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide.
d
Parathyroid Hormon.