Table 1.
Incident cases, death, and DALYs of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis and ASRs per 10,000 population from 1990 and 2019 by Global Burden of Disease.
| Characteristics | 1990 | 2019 | 1990–2019 | 1990–2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incidence cases No. (95% UI) | ASIR per 100,000 No. (95% UI) | Incidence cases No. (95% UI) | ASIR per 100,000 No. (95% UI) | Percentage change No. (95% CI) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 1,583,023.57 (1,094,531.35–2,166,438.85) | 58.54 (44.92–74.24) | 3,331,144.11 (2,342,509.66–4,489,654.42) | 57.09 (44.07–71.9) | 1.1% (1.06–1.16) | 0.05 (−0.02–0.13) |
| Sociodemographic index | ||||||
| Low SDI | 59,083.69 (40,267.86–81,934.91) | 40.67 (30.92–52.06) | 135,864.94 (92,489.13–186,062.1) | 41.97 (31.77–53.69) | 1.19% (1.14–1.26) | 0.12 (0.11–0.12) |
| Low-middle SDI | 202,876.21 (138,996.1–280,233.52) | 53.96 (41.04–68.62) | 505,077.85 (346,414.8–690,949.01) | 54.72 (41.51–69.76) | 1.48% (1.4–1.57) | 0.08 (0.06–0.09) |
| Middle SDI | 342,872.23 (233,718.56–470,907.06) | 52.39 (39.69–66.74) | 922,124.53 (632,539.34–1,262,914.42) | 54.27 (41.16–69.05) | 1.57% (1.52–1.63) | 0.14 (0.08–0.2) |
| High-middle SDI | 435,935.66 (300,652.64–602,950.05) | 60.34 (46.52–77.1) | 827,741.17 (571,861.8–1,134,881.72) | 57.97 (44.57–74.2) | 0.9% (0.84–0.96) | −0.12 (−0.15 to −0.09) |
| High SDI | 541,597 (376,964.16–733,826.69) | 71.45 (55.34–90.2) | 939,060.48 (696,820.22–1,228,719.31) | 69.22 (55.37–85.18) | 0.73% (0.63–0.87) | 0.26 (0.09–0.44) |
| Regions | ||||||
| Andean-Latin America | 1,894.12 (1,297.77–2,554.18) | 13.63 (10.08–17.53) | 6,097.32 (4,265.51–8,160.3) | 14.84 (11.11–19.17) | 2.22% (2.07–2.38) | 0.43 (0.35–0.52) |
| Australasia | 17,400.97 (12,027.61–23,837.67) | 98.68 (75.18–125.06) | 32,335.39 (22,689.52–43,431.81) | 90.39 (69.71–114.51) | 0.86% (0.75–0.97) | −0.24 (−0.3 to −0.19) |
| Caribbean | 5,691.5 (3,900.06–7,753.2) | 29.33 (22.05–38.08) | 11,441.62 (7,849.53–15,488.95) | 29.72 (22.18–38.44) | 1.01% (0.96–1.07) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) |
| Central Asia | 18,123.03 (12,503.21–24,707.24) | 63.51 (48.9–80.87) | 27,908.61 (18,911.11–38,566.56) | 64.77 (49.64–82.66) | 0.54% (0.47–0.6) | 0.1 (0.09–0.12) |
| Central Europe | 69,623.44 (47,658.46–96,047.25) | 72.77 (55.81–92.66) | 98,521.6 (67,133.05–136,390.75) | 70.59 (54.18–89.82) | 0.42% (0.36–0.46) | 0.02 (−0.06–0.11) |
| Central Latin America | 17,879.46 (12,333.8–24,307.64) | 31.81 (23.94–41.05) | 53,721.27 (37,296.58–73,064.04) | 31.77 (23.84–41.21) | 2% (1.94–2.07) | 0.01 (0–0.02) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 4,453.46 (2,990–6,276.85) | 33.03 (25.06–42.21) | 9,596.86 (6,537.13–13,243.4) | 32.22 (24.45–41.46) | 1.15% (1.01–1.31) | −0.1 (−0.12 to −0.09) |
| East Asia | 313,996.06 (212,426.67–436,983.35) | 55.26 (41.95–70.12) | 845,659.53 (583,221.77–1,164,608.61) | 57.4 (43.67–72.99) | 1.69% (1.61–1.8) | 0.16 (0.04–0.28) |
| Eastern Europe | 122,722.76 (84,488.3–167,427.12) | 68.4 (52.4–87.04) | 167,038.62 (114,134.66–231,211.1) | 74.4 (57.18–95.28) | 0.36% (0.32–0.4) | 0.35 (0.32–0.38) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 8,610.45 (5,833.87–11,972.16) | 19.48 (14.83–25.05) | 18,593.54 (12,619.36–25,545) | 19.89 (15.18–25.61) | 1.16% (1.11–1.22) | 0.16 (0.1–0.23) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 31,243.1 (20,944.28–43,603.15) | 26.92 (20.67–34.42) | 49,432.85 (33,174.99–68,914.26) | 21.12 (16.28–27.19) | 0.58% (0.5–0.7) | −1.58 (−1.91 to −1.24) |
| High-income North America | 265,521.57 (184,073.28–358,286.57) | 95.3 (73.03–121) | 548,955.86 (418,372.27–698,785.69) | 108.53 (87.59–131.44) | 1.07% (0.86–1.34) | 1.33 (0.95–1.72) |
| North Africa and the Middle East | 45,957.21 (31,425.75–63,186.57) | 41.81 (31.63–53.41) | 116,006.36 (80,041.9–158,616.64) | 41.93 (31.66–53.56) | 1.52% (1.46–1.61) | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.05) |
| Oceania | 1,027.48 (699.01–1,447.68) | 57.91 (43.98–73.48) | 2,374.01 (1,625.76–3,294.83) | 59.26 (44.94–75.2) | 1.31% (1.19–1.43) | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) |
| South Asia | 207,889.94 (142,458.26–289,158.44) | 60.06 (45.66–76.21) | 586,125.53 (400,228.16–804,858.9) | 61.37 (46.53–78) | 1.82% (1.74–1.94) | 0.06 (0.06–0.07) |
| Southeast Asia | 97,679.58 (66,820.01–134,561.02) | 61.29 (46.46–78.2) | 247,606.5 (169,923.94–339,117.02) | 62.77 (47.54–79.6) | 1.53% (1.49–1.58) | 0.09 (0.08–0.1) |
| Southern Latin America | 13,914.25 (9,465.08–18,990.5) | 40.73 (30.74–52.21) | 25,772.38 (17,760.5–35,322.51) | 41.8 (31.8–53.39) | 0.85% (0.76–0.95) | 0.07 (0–0.14) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 6,675.23 (4,564.91–9,166.84) | 37.43 (28.33–48.01) | 13,535.76 (9,269.77–18,486.87) | 37.09 (28.17–47.62) | 1.03% (0.98–1.08) | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01) |
| Tropical Latin America | 26,492.79 (18,160.56–36,288.69) | 43.44 (32.89–55.6) | 77,585.15 (53,528.43–105,946.86) | 44.8 (33.81–57.84) | 1.93% (1.84–2.04) | 0.55 (0.39–0.7) |
| Western Europe | 286,609.98 (200,891.8–389,866.68) | 72.79 (55.34–92.55) | 352,998.6 (247,983.17–481,656.6) | 63.01 (48.37–79.79) | 0.23% (0.2–0.26) | −0.36 (−0.39 to −0.32) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 19,617.2 (13,303.69–27,132.38) | 35.51 (26.88–45.46) | 39,836.76 (27,328.41–54,873.98) | 36.01 (27.33–46.19) | 1.03% (1–1.07) | 0.05 (0.01–0.08) |
| Characteristics | 1990 | 2019 | 1990–2019 | 1990–2019 | ||
| Deaths cases No. (95% UI) | ASMR per 100,000 No. (95% UI) | Deaths cases No. (95% UI) | ASMR per 100,000 No. (95% UI) | Percentage change No. (95% CI) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 92,801.05 (82,995.05–111,456.15) | 4.29 (3.73–5.09) | 219,437.14 (190,525.86–249,642.14) | 4.38 (3.7–5.05) | 1.36% (1.14–1.55) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) |
| Sociodemographic index | ||||||
| Low SDI | 3,728.16 (2,483.7–4,731.5) | 3.73 (2.42–4.76) | 10,484.14 (7,648.72–12,654.91) | 4.3 (3.08–5.25) | 1.81% (1.34–2.51) | 0.5 (0.47–0.53) |
| Low-middle SDI | 8,678.73 (6,914.63–10,558.98) | 3.46 (2.66–4.14) | 29,699.98 (25,034.79–34,583.16) | 4.21 (3.5–4.87) | 2.42% (1.76–3.14) | 0.61 (0.55–0.67) |
| Middle SDI | 16,620.38 (14,704.44–18,971.98) | 3.82 (3.32–4.28) | 52,178.17 (45,208.24–61,158.62) | 4.11 (3.5–4.75) | 2.14% (1.71–2.6) | 0.21 (0.19–0.24) |
| High-middle SDI | 27,689.09 (24,854.06–35,444.35) | 4.64 (4.04–5.92) | 58,332.62 (50,409.75–69,838.57) | 4.47 (3.78–5.39) | 1.11% (0.89–1.28) | −0.25 (−0.32 to −0.18) |
| High SDI | 36,029.71 (31,280.88–45,846.61) | 4.62 (3.93–5.82) | 68,619.71 (56,411.87–81,382) | 4.61 (3.67–5.52) | 0.9% (0.65–1.04) | 0.03 (0.01–0.06) |
| Regions | ||||||
| Andean-Latin America | 504.52 (424.82–588.91) | 4.41 (3.67–5.06) | 1,525.05 (1,231.71–1,852.46) | 4.32 (3.48–5.24) | 2.02% (1.46–2.77) | 0.1 (0.03–0.18) |
| Australasia | 1,158.23 (958.03–1,334.33) | 7.38 (5.96–8.41) | 2,511.5 (2,016.89–3,042.33) | 6.86 (5.45–8.33) | 1.17% (0.96–1.42) | −0.44 (−0.52 to −0.36) |
| Caribbean | 697.31 (592.49–813.9) | 4.46 (3.72–5.28) | 1,549.42 (1,297.45–1,884.17) | 4.73 (3.91–5.79) | 1.22% (0.92–1.56) | 0.26 (0.16–0.36) |
| Central Asia | 933.47 (773.86–1,271.8) | 3.62 (2.82–4.8) | 1,951.57 (1,721.37–2,586.44) | 5.75 (4.95–7.74) | 1.09% (0.62–1.45) | 1.49 (1.33–1.64) |
| Central Europe | 4,332.08 (3,890.56–5,357.81) | 4.51 (3.93–5.43) | 8,073.21 (6,837.02–9,536.65) | 4.83 (3.99–5.7) | 0.86% (0.61–1.09) | 0.15 (0.1–0.2) |
| Central Latin America | 1,960.79 (1,699.83–2,517.32) | 4.46 (3.76–5.68) | 6,478.07 (5,267.49–8,265.53) | 4.56 (3.72–5.83) | 2.3% (1.87–2.71) | −0.09 (−0.17 to −0.01) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 467.17 (268.6–797.97) | 5 (2.85–8.21) | 1,334.27 (857.82–1,933.42) | 5.63 (3.55–8.24) | 1.86% (1.15–2.84) | 0.37 (0.29–0.45) |
| East Asia | 14,205.46 (1,1974.33–16,636.49) | 4 (3.31–4.63) | 41,526.2 (35,287.76–47,920.9) | 3.82 (3.19–4.42) | 1.92% (1.36–2.59) | −0.26 (−0.31 to −0.21) |
| Eastern Europe | 7,005.17 (6,098.93–9,688.8) | 4.03 (3.44–5.6) | 11,419.28 (9,643.68–14,750.74) | 4.62 (3.88–6.02) | 0.63% (0.43–0.83) | 0.22 (0.07–0.36) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 1,440.88 (840.03–1,891.54) | 4.23 (2.37–5.58) | 3,586.81 (2,304.99–4,437.21) | 4.69 (2.98–5.87) | 1.49% (0.99–2.18) | 0.34 (0.25–0.43) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 3,746.97 (3,218.5–4,775.05) | 3 (2.54–4.03) | 9,103.35 (7,090.93–11,637.45) | 2.39 (1.87–3.19) | 1.43% (1.13–1.72) | −0.85 (−0.94 to −0.75) |
| High-income North America | 11,153.7 (9,461.43–13,912.54) | 4.04 (3.36–4.99) | 22,725.4 (18,505.88–27,506.97) | 4.96 (4.01–6.05) | 1.04% (0.84–1.12) | 0.72 (0.64–0.8) |
| North Africa and the Middle East | 2,650.72 (2,061.78–3,059.75) | 3.48 (2.67–4.11) | 7,696.85 (6,582.67–9,421.38) | 3.66 (3.07–4.33) | 1.9% (1.45–2.87) | 0.19 (0.1–0.28) |
| Oceania | 44.44 (32.32–62.72) | 4.1 (2.76–6.01) | 121.79 (92.59–161.5) | 4.25 (3.24–5.5) | 1.74% (1.25–2.31) | 0.17 (0.12–0.22) |
| South Asia | 7,479.16 (5,630.22–9,687.24) | 3.33 (2.41–4.27) | 29,215.99 (22,995.29–36,408.38) | 4.1 (3.18–5.15) | 2.91% (1.92–4.04) | 0.59 (0.47–0.71) |
| Southeast Asia | 3,464.3 (3,046.27–3,994.08) | 3.19 (2.72–3.64) | 11,360.88 (9,546.76–13,785.34) | 3.99 (3.27–4.75) | 2.28% (1.7–2.91) | 0.76 (0.7–0.81) |
| Southern Latin America | 1,383.83 (1,183.52–1,701.62) | 4.92 (4.13–5.93) | 3,074.48 (2,606.14–4,013.77) | 5.32 (4.44–6.94) | 1.22% (0.99–1.46) | 0.29 (0.2–0.38) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 409.26 (344.19–464.65) | 3.1 (2.59–3.5) | 1,045.72 (916.49–1,151.35) | 3.94 (3.38–4.37) | 1.56% (1.23–1.91) | 0.79 (0.59–0.99) |
| Tropical Latin America | 2,187.75 (1,873.43–2,735.8) | 4.78 (3.99–5.95) | 7,598.03 (6,107.51–8,898.99) | 5.03 (4.01–5.94) | 2.47% (1.93–2.73) | 0.5 (0.32–0.69) |
| Western Europe | 25,871.16 (22,624.18–34,903.21) | 5.77 (4.91–7.83) | 43,760.97 (35,707.5–52,790.04) | 5.76 (4.59–6.99) | 0.69% (0.38–0.86) | 0.06 (0.02–0.09) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 1,704.67 (1,332.45–2,229.05) | 4.5 (3.55–5.93) | 3,778.27 (3,177.8–4,408.07) | 4.75 (3.89–5.59) | 1.22% (0.57–1.76) | 0.08 (0.04–0.12) |
| Characteristics | 1990 | 2019 | 1990–2019 | 1990–2019 | ||
| DALYs cases No. (95% UI) | ASDR per 100,000 No. (95% UI) | DALYs cases No. (95% UI) | ASDR per 100,000 No. (95% UI) | Percentage change No. (95% CI) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 3,044,717.13 (2,363,647.01–3,900,467.06) | 110 (87.66–139.16) | 6,579,977.8 (5,241,696.12–8,321,653.38) | 107.13 (86.18–133.73) | 1.16% (1.06–1.25) | −0.03 (−0.06–0) |
| Sociodemographic index | ||||||
| Low SDI | 114,659.53 (85,965.49–146,544.67) | 84.28 (63.03–105.84) | 287,302.79 (224,193.31–354,685.81) | 91.91 (71.89–111.57) | 1.51% (1.27–1.81) | 0.3 (0.27–0.33) |
| Low-middle SDI | 326,477.32 (249,420.63–425,285.99) | 91.5 (71.71–114.77) | 927,307.72 (727,621.88–1,164,150) | 101.01 (81.22–123.92) | 1.84% (1.58–2.13) | 0.34 (0.32–0.37) |
| Middle SDI | 577,551.29 (444,346.58–745,572.44) | 93.38 (74.4–116.56) | 1,648,790.75 (1,285,587.8–2,095,429.98) | 97.9 (78.07–122.72) | 1.85% (1.67–2.05) | 0.17 (0.14–0.2) |
| High-middle SDI | 903,441.18 (702,229.35–1,176,141.28) | 116.99 (92.57–149.81) | 1,752,067.46 (1,361,490.97–2,252,102.91) | 110.21 (86.73–140.14) | 0.94% (0.84–1.02) | −0.25 (−0.28 to −0.23) |
| High SDI | 1,121,109.75 (882,347.51–1,445,544.14) | 128.62 (101.73–165.21) | 1,961,481.71 (1,561,092.24–2,473,050.53) | 122.64 (97.3–153.57) | 0.75% (0.64–0.83) | 0.03 (−0.05–0.11) |
| Regions | ||||||
| Andean-Latin America | 8,588.77 (7,326.22–10,022.07) | 64.49 (55.4–74.42) | 25,568.67 (21,197.9–30,491.13) | 63.61 (52.67–75.22) | 1.98% (1.5–2.57) | 0.11 (0.04–0.18) |
| Australasia | 35,222.44 (27,725.1–45,237.53) | 183.72 (145.83–231.54) | 70,166.25 (55,042.18–90,300.77) | 168.28 (132.54–214.32) | 0.99% (0.89–1.11) | −0.36 (−0.39 to −0.34) |
| Caribbean | 14,971.71 (12,424.5–18,055.44) | 79.4 (66.52–94.7) | 31,795.63 (26,276.01–38,251.98) | 83.27 (69.65–99.83) | 1.12% (0.93–1.34) | 0.19 (0.13–0.25) |
| Central Asia | 35,540.25 (26,530.96–47,120.72) | 109.82 (82.86–143.91) | 61,772.11 (47,916.22–79,286.07) | 138.35 (109.64–176.31) | 0.74% (0.57–0.89) | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) |
| Central Europe | 155,815.55 (120,452.79–203,689.02) | 134.74 (105.22–173.65) | 251,596.5 (195,996.37–324,725.31) | 136.04 (106.47–173.32) | 0.61% (0.51–0.72) | 0.07 (0.01–0.12) |
| Central Latin America | 43,319.71 (36,219.34–53,516.31) | 80.65 (68.44–98.18) | 138,688.09 (113,679.15–171,245.23) | 82.84 (68.32–101.95) | 2.2% (1.93–2.47) | −0.01 (−0.05–0.04) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 122,66.03 (8,247.28–18,438.06) | 99.09 (65.94–148.49) | 30,142.71 (21,400.77–39,321.26) | 104.25 (72.95–138.1) | 1.46% (0.98–1.99) | 0.14 (0.07–0.2) |
| East Asia | 519,048.51 (394,223.27–675,814.17) | 98.28 (76.84–124.34) | 1,432,517.88 (1,088,053.16–1,867,068.05) | 96.78 (75.08–122.56) | 1.76% (1.5–2.01) | −0.05 (−0.13–0.03) |
| Eastern Europe | 258,196.1 (196,297.15–341,308.43) | 120.85 (92.65–157.62) | 384,777.08 (292,577.71–503,883.63) | 136.59 (104.82–177.07) | 0.49% (0.41–0.57) | 0.36 (0.28–0.43) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 31,126.86 (21,024.73–39,298.52) | 73.06 (48.45–92.35) | 71,336.96 (50,303.75–87,335.35) | 77.09 (53.33–94.33) | 1.29% (0.93–1.76) | 0.18 (0.1–0.27) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 94,477.13 (77,636.52–118,368.25) | 66.35 (54.42–82.7) | 195,233.79 (157,805.14–243,046.5) | 53.53 (43.1–66.58) | 1.07% (0.92–1.23) | −1.06 (−1.22 to −0.91) |
| High-income North America | 424,379.23 (327,241.59–558,162.82) | 140.63 (108.35–183.61) | 832,025.39 (649,706.07–1,063,351.64) | 160.18 (125.7–202.67) | 0.96% (0.83–1.09) | 0.89 (0.71–1.07) |
| North Africa and the Middle East | 81,921.61 (64,667.39–104,296.2) | 79.91 (63.99–99.66) | 217,791.49 (171,790.55–275,028.53) | 81.61 (65.1–100.78) | 1.66% (1.43–2.05) | 0.01 (−0.01–0.04) |
| Oceania | 1,714.91 (1,278.28–2,249.71) | 109.88 (83.38–140.9) | 4,265.72 (3,269.65–5,477.39) | 116.58 (91.06–148.01) | 1.49% (1.26–1.74) | 0.23 (0.22–0.25) |
| South Asia | 313,839.17 (233,856.25–415,086.12) | 96.83 (73.96–124.55) | 1,004,000.6 (767,638.51–1,284,863.5) | 106.05 (82.89–132.86) | 2.2% (1.83–2.62) | 0.26 (0.22–0.31) |
| Southeast Asia | 146,339.5 (109,111.94–193,284.06) | 95.11 (73.3–122.94) | 407,099.72 (309,292.37–534,122.36) | 105.7 (82.22–133.52) | 1.78% (1.59–2.01) | 0.37 (0.34–0.4) |
| Southern Latin America | 33,270.72 (27,276.91–41,107.45) | 96.08 (79.7–117.41) | 67,885.01 (55,648.18–84,703.48) | 100.95 (83.35–125.77) | 1.04% (0.92–1.17) | 0.18 (0.13–0.22) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 12,289.22 (9,702.16–15,684.97) | 71.59 (58.23–88.42) | 27,739.42 (22,471.51–34,542.25) | 79.24 (65.78–95.69) | 1.26% (1.1–1.41) | 0.36 (0.24–0.48) |
| Tropical Latin America | 57,018.18 (46,603.14–71,324.15) | 98.38 (81.69–120.63) | 179,609.76 (147,086.35–221,530.81) | 102.34 (84.28–124.34) | 2.15% (1.86–2.3) | 0.52 (0.4–0.64) |
| Western Europe | 721,985.38 (571,968.84–930,654.64) | 144.62 (114.54–185.07) | 1,054,466.71 (845,195.76–1,323,431.16) | 132.81 (105.93–168.11) | 0.46% (0.32–0.56) | −0.19 (−0.22 to −0.16) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 43,386.15 (33,451.62–54,984.95) | 82.99 (65.49–103.45) | 91,498.32 (73,641.02–111785.32) | 86.19 (70–103.25) | 1.11% (0.73–1.39) | 0.08 (0.05–0.1) |
ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALYs rate; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; CI, confidence interval; UI, uncertainty interval.