Table 5.
Studies concerning the production and application of IgY antibodies specific to H. pylori.
| Whole-Cell Immunogen | Activity/Properties | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cell lysate | Mongolian gerbils model; 10 and 1 mg daily for 4 weeks, significant improvement of infiltration of lymphocyte and neutrophil for the 10 mg/day group | Shin et al. (121) |
| Inactivated whole cells (formaldehyde) | Murine model; 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg IgY twice a day for 18 days; dose-dependent H. pylori elimination, improved gastritis and villi injuries; ISA 70 adjuvant | Yang et al. (123) |
| Whole bacteria | Murine model; 6 mg of IgY every 2 days, four doses, also with sucralfate as an additive; improved H. pylori clearance and pathological injury degree; recombinant cholera toxin subunit B (rCTB) as adjuvant | Wang et al. (124) |
| Inactivated whole cells (formaldehyde), 4-strains | In vitro; 10 mg/ml; inhibition of bacteria growth and urease activity (also cross-strain) | Solhi et al. (125) |
| Cell lysate | Murine model; 2 weeks (dose mouse weight dependent); reduction of number of infected animals based on RUT test | Li et al. (127) |
| Urease Immunogen |
Activity/Properties | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| BSA-conjugated with urease peptides | In vitro; 1 and 10 mg/ml; inhibition of urease activity | Shin et al. (140) |
| Urease | Human; 1.5 g IgY three times a day, 4 weeks; reduction of 13C-urea breath test values; no specified data concerning adjuvant | Horie et al. (122) |
| Urease (both subunits) | Human; 900 mg, three times a day, 4 weeks; reduction of 13C-urea breath test values | Suzuki et al. (138) |
| Urease (both subunits) | Mongolian gerbils model; IgY of 25 mg/g and famotidine of 0.16 mg/g, 10 weeks; reduction of MPO and protection against colonization | Namura et al. (137) |
| Recombinant UreC | Murine model; 60 mg, 28 days in diet or in solution (PBS); stomach tissue inflammation reduction |
Malekshahi et al. (139) |
| Urease (both subunits) | Murine model; 0.5 mg, 28 days with or without LJ88 strain; reduced number of H. pylori in stomach | Aiba et al. (143) |
| Urease (both subunits) | Murine model; 50, 100, 200, or 500 mg/kg of IgY twice a day; 18 days, dose-dependent decrease of H. pylori infection | Mony et al. (146) |
| Recombinant urease | Murine model; 0.25%–0.00025% in diet alone or in combination with famotidine or omeprazole; elimination of H. pylori infection; no specified data concerning adjuvant | Yoshikatsu et al. (148) |
| Urease | Human; standard medical treatment in combination with GastimunHP (15 days) vs. standard treatment; reduction of 13C-urea breath test values; no specified data concerning adjuvant | NCT number: NCT02721355 |
| Other Immunogens |
Activity/Properties | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| m1 and m2 VacA | murine model; 290 ml/L—access to 100 ml/daily, 2 weeks before inoculation; reduced anti–H. pylori and anti-VacA IgG level in sera, reduced signs of inflammation in gastric mucosa | Sook et al. (156) |
| Recombinant NAP | In vitro; IgY of 0.5 and 1 mg/ml; inhibition of H. pylori binding to the AGS cells | Borhani et al. (158) |
| Whole-cell lysate/ 58 kDa antigen (HP58) |
Murine model; 0.7 g per animal, one dose 1 day (both IgYs), 1, 4, or 12 weeks after inoculation (only anti-HP58); reduction of number of H. pylori and inflammation in gastric mucosa | Attallah et al. (159) |
| 1. Urease (isolated) 2. Flagella (isolated) |
Murine model; IgY anti-urease or anti-flagella used as monotherapy or in combination, or combination therapy anti-urease IgY + L. acidophilus; reduction or elimination (combination therapy) of H. pylori infection; no specified data concerning adjuvant | Yoshikatsu et al. (162) |
| Flagella and outer membrane fraction | Human; 4 × 100 ml per day (4 weeks) of fermented milk (active strains and 0.1%–10% IgY); reduction of 13C-urea breath and urease CLO test values, reduction of H. pylori number in antrum; Drakeol® adjuvant | Seong et al. (164) |
| Flagella and outer membrane fraction | Murine model; 3 × 1 ml per day (4 weeks) yogurt with active strains in combination with IgY or both active ingredients as monotherapy; reduction of urease activity – infection clearance; Drakeol® adjuvant | Seong et al. (164) |
| Recombinant flagella | Murine model; 60 mg in 1 ml per day, 4 weeks; reduction of IgG serum level | Peng et al. (160) |
If not specified in the Activity/Properties column, then FCA/FIA was used as an adjuvant.