Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
| Measure | Total (n = 30) | TAU (n = 10) | PE (n = 10) | PE+ (n = 10) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 38.1 (7.9) | 44.7 (8.9) | 33.8 (4.6) | 35.9 (5.2) |
| Female, N (%) | 19 (63.3) | 7 (70.0) | 6 (60.0) | 6 (60.0) |
| White, N (%) | 29 (96.7) | 10 (100) | 9 (90.0) | 10 (100) |
| Education, years | 13.3 (1.5) | 13.6 (2.0) | 13.6 (1.3) | 12.8 (1.1) |
| Employed full-time, N (%) | 6 (20.0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (20.0) |
| Duration of illicit opioid use, years | 7.4 (7.3) | 9.1 (8.9) | 4.6 (4.6) | 8.2 (7.4) |
| Ever overdosed, N (%) | 10 (33.3%) | 3 (30.0%) | 4 (40.0%) | 3 (30.0%) |
| MOUD medication | ||||
| Buprenorphine, N (%) | 17 (56.7%) | 6 (60.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | 5 (50.0%) |
| Daily dose, mg | 15.6 (5.6) | 17.0 (6.2) | 16.3 (5.7) | 13.2 (5.0) |
| Methadone, N (%) | 13 (43.3%) | 4 (40.0%) | 4 (40.0%) | 5 (50.0%) |
| Daily dose, mg | 92.2 (42.3) | 103.8 (44.2) | 55.8 (17.3) | 112.0 (44.4) |
| Duration of MOUD, years | 4.5 (4.1) | 5.2 (5.2) | 5.3 (4.4) | 3.0 (2.2) |
| Index trauma | ||||
| Sexual assault, N (%) | 10 (33.3%) | 4 (40.0%) | 2 (20.0%) | 4 (40.0%) |
| Physical assault, N (%) | 8 (26.7%) | 4 (40.0%) | 3 (30.0%) | 1 (10.0%) |
| Witnessed injury or death, N (%) | 4 (13.3%) | 1 (10.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 2 (20.0%) |
| Learned about injury or death, N (%) | 3 (10.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (20.0%) |
| Accident, N (%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 1 (10.0%) |
| Combat, N (%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Other, N (%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (20.0%) | 0 (0%) |
| History of PTSD treatment, N (%) | 18 (60.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | 8 (80.0%) |
| SUD other than OUD | 21 (70.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | 8 (80.0%) | 7 (70.0%) |
| Cigarette smoker, N (%) | 23 (76.7%) | 6 (60.0%) | 9 (90.0%) | 8 (80.0%) |
| Lifetime Suicide Attempt | 17 (56.7%) | 6 (60.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | 6 (60.0%) |
| Lifetime Panic Disorder | 18 (60.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | 4 (40.0%) | 8 (80.0%) |
| Lifetime Bipolar Disorder | 16 (53.3%) | 6 (60.0%) | 4 (40.0%) | 6 (60.0%) |
| Lifetime Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 15 (50.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | 3 (30.0%) | 6 (60.0%) |
| Lifetime Major Depressive Disorder | 13 (43.3%) | 4 (40.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | 4 (40.0%) |
| CAPS-5 | 41.5 (8.1) | 38.9 (8.7) | 41.4 (8.6) | 44.1 (6.9) |
| PCL-5 | 56.0 (10.9) | 57.1 (11.4) | 51.4 (12.4) | 59.5 (7.7) |
| BAI | 26.2 (11.8) | 31.7 (11.3) | 21.5 (9.6) | 25.3 (13.1) |
| BDI-II | 32.3 (9.9) | 34.4 (8.8) | 29.7 (6.5) | 32.8 (13.4) |
Note. TAU = continued MOUD treatment as usual; PE = Prolonged Exposure therapy; PE+ = PE with financial incentives delivered contingent upon PE session attendance; MOUD = medications for opioid use disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SUD = substance use disorder; OUD = opioid use disorder; CAPS-5 = Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5; PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory. Values represent mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.