Table 1.
Summary statistics of variables.
| Mean | S.D. | P5 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P95 | Obs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| During BLM Protests | ||||||||
| Number of BLM Protests | 16 | 24 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 19 | 59 | 3102 |
| Protest Turnout | 8800 | 18,546 | 1 | 260 | 1995 | 6266 | 66,093 | 3102 |
| Protest Turnout per 00,000′ | 605 | 1011 | 3 | 148 | 357 | 656 | 1913 | 3102 |
| RainfallBLM (thousandth inch) | 110 | 140 | 0 | 22 | 68 | 130 | 433 | 3102 |
| Median outdoor minutes | 71.64 | 37.64 | 20.47 | 44.72 | 61.63 | 94.67 | 146.70 | 3102 |
| Reopening Phase (standard) | 1.25 | 1.01 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3102 |
| Pre-BLM Protests | ||||||||
| Cases per 00,000’ @5/25/2020 | 513 | 657 | 44 | 136 | 261 | 582 | 1929 | 3102 |
| Case Growth per 00,000’: | ||||||||
| t = −2 (4/14–5/4, 2020) | 183 | 271 | 9 | 36 | 84 | 205 | 801 | 3102 |
| t = −1 (5/5–5/25, 2020) | 147 | 163 | 8 | 42 | 88 | 196 | 446 | 3102 |
| Post-BLM Protests | ||||||||
| Case Growth per 00,000’: | ||||||||
| t = 1 (6/16–7/6, 2020) | 254 | 244 | 28 | 79 | 154 | 384 | 752 | 3102 |
| t = 2 (7/7–7/27, 2020) | 410 | 367 | 56 | 138 | 300 | 590 | 1085 | 3102 |
| Death Growth per 00,000’: | ||||||||
| t = 1 (6/16–7/6, 2020) | 4 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 3102 |
| t = 2 (7/7–7/27, 2020) | 6 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 18 | 3102 |
| Weather Controls: | ||||||||
| Ave temperature (◦F) | 76.09 | 6.49 | 62.48 | 73.19 | 76.31 | 79.90 | 84.79 | 3102 |
| Hot and humid weekday (%) | 4.99 | 19.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 46.67 | 3102 |
| Hot and humid weekend (%) | 5.41 | 19.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 3102 |
| Cold weekday (%) | 0.55 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 3102 |
| Cold weekend (%) | 0.29 | 2.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3102 |
| Demographics and Others | ||||||||
| Black (%) | 14.11 | 12.96 | 1.30 | 4.60 | 9.70 | 20.00 | 41.30 | 3102 |
| Non-White Hispanic (%) | 6.23 | 6.44 | 0.50 | 1.80 | 3.70 | 8.60 | 20.50 | 3102 |
| Asian (%) | 6.37 | 6.70 | 0.70 | 1.90 | 4.30 | 8.00 | 20.20 | 3102 |
| Native American (%) | 1.69 | 3.40 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 1.60 | 3.70 | 3102 |
| Other non-white ethnicity (%) | 5.84 | 6.06 | 0.50 | 1.70 | 3.50 | 8.00 | 19.50 | 3102 |
| Per capita income ($000′) | 34.09 | 9.00 | 22.37 | 28.22 | 32.76 | 38.07 | 52.23 | 3102 |
| Population density (000′ per mi2) | 2.16 | 6.78 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.55 | 1.64 | 5.43 | 3102 |
| Housing density (000′ per mi2) | 0.92 | 3.26 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.67 | 2.29 | 3102 |
| Internet coverage (%) | 82.74 | 6.68 | 70.20 | 79.70 | 83.90 | 87.20 | 91.50 | 3102 |
| Age 65+ (%) | 15.64 | 3.96 | 10.50 | 13.20 | 15.00 | 17.40 | 23.10 | 3102 |
| Democrat voting | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3102 |
| Days since 1st Case | 97 | 18 | 78 | 89 | 95 | 100 | 142 | 3102 |
Note: The unit of analysis is a county. RainfallBLM is measured as daily weighted average precipitation in thousandth inch for the counties during the BLM period. Each day is weighted by the national aggregate BLM protest turnout to reflect the BLM protest intensity. Median outdoor minutes count median minutes people spend away from home measured by SafeGraph, and are averaged with national aggregate BLM protest turnout as weights. Reopening Phase (standard) indicates the reopening phase during BLM protests.COVID-19 case growth is defined as new cases per 100,000 population during specified period, and COVID-19 case is defined as the cumulative cases per 100,000 population at specified point of time. Hot and humid weekday and Hot and humid weekend are the percentage of weekdays and weekend days (respectively) in which the average temperature is above 80◦F and the dew point is above 60◦F. Cold weekday and Cold weekend are percentage of weekdays and weekend days in which the average high temperature is below 60◦F. Black, Non-White Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and Other, are the fraction of the county's population that are Black, Non-White Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and other races (respectively). Per capita income is the per capita income in the county. Population density is defined as total population divided by the land square miles of the county. Housing Density is defined as the total number of homes in the county divided by residential land area. Internet coverage is the fraction of the population with access to the Internet. Age 65+ is the fraction of the population that are over the age of 65. Democrat voting is based on the presidential election in 2016, and equal to 1 if Hillary Clinton won more votes than Donald Trump in 2016. Days since 1st case is the number of days since the first reported case of COVID-19 in a county.