Table 3.

Biomechanical plasticity ratios for walking.

	Barefoot	High-heel	t-value (t13)	p	Cohen’s d
Peak net joint power generation ratios
Knee mid-stance/ankle late-stance power ratio (K2/A2 power)*	0.193 ± 0.093	1.068 ± 0.534	−6.58	<0.001	1.76
Hip early-stance/ankle late-stance power ratio (H1/A2 power)*	0.067 ± 0.035	0.396 ± 0.338	−3.97	0.002	1.04
Hip late stance–early swing/ankle late-stance power ratio (H3/A2 power)*	0.361 ± 0.095	1.481 ± 0.987	−4.51	0.001	1.20
Net joint positive work ratios
Knee mid-stance/ankle late-stance work ratio (K2/A2 work)*	0.281 ± 0.164	2.368 ± 1.284	−6.36	<0.001	1.70
Hip early-stance/ankle late-stance work ratio (H1/A2 work)	0.063 ± 0.060	0.771 ± 1.053	−2.64	0.020	0.71
Hip late stance–early swing/ankle late-stance work ratio (H3/A2 work)*	0.654 ± 0.136	3.083 ± 2.000	−4.70	<0.001	1.26

Data presented as mean ±1 SD. * denotes significant difference (p < 0.017).