Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study cohort.
| Variables | Controls (n = 42) | T2D-non-Ne (n = 49) | T2D-Ne (n = 41) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 52.5 (47.0–56.3) | 51.0 (45.0–58.5) | 58.0 (49.5–62.5) | .048 |
| Female, n (%) | 18 (42.9) | 16 (32.7) | 10 (24.4) | .202 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.8 (22.8–27.0) | 24.7 (21.5–28.2) | 25.0 (22.2–28.4) | .815 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.9 (4.5–5.4) | 7.1 (5.3–8.5) | 8.5 (5.9–12.0) | <0.001ab |
| HbA1c, % | NA | 9.1 (7.2–10.3) | 8.5 (7.4–9.8) | .571 |
| UACR, mg/g | NA | 13.0 (7.5–20.5) | 171.8 (106.4–297.0) | <0.001c |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | NA | 93.4 (79.4–110.3) | 53.4 (42.9–63.9) | <0.001c |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.7 (4.2–5.1) | 4.7 (3.7–5.9) | 4.6 (3.8–5.6) | .640 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 2.0 (1.3–2.6) | 0.004ab |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.0 (2.5–3.2) | 2.8 (2.3–3.2) | 2.5 (2.0–3.6) | .271 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | <0.001ab |
| AST, U/L | 23.0 (21.0–28.8) | 22.0 (17.0–33.0) | 22.0 (17.0–31.5) | .525 |
| ALT, U/L | 24.5 (17.8–38.5) | 28.0 (16.5–48.5) | 28.0 (20.0–37.5) | .536 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables or number (percentage) for categorical variables. NA, not available. Two groups were compared using the Student’s t-test for normally distributed variables or Mann – Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables. Three groups were compared using one-way ANOVA with the Tukey post-hoc test for normally distributed variables or Kruskal-Wallis test with the Dunn post-hoc test for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were compared by the χ2 test. aP < 0.05 for T2D-non-Ne vs controls, bP < 0.05 for T2D-Ne vs controls, and cP < 0.05 for T2D-Ne vs T2D-non-Ne. HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; UACR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.