Table 2:
Demographics, co-morbidities, and ocular surface metrics of cases with persistent post-operative pain compared to controls without persistent pain. P values are indicated for univariable analyses of each factor.
| Persistent pain (n=12) | No persistent pain (n=68) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Demographics | |||
|
| |||
| Age, mean years±SD | 33.3±7.7 | 33.6±7.6 | 0.90 |
|
| |||
| Gender, % female (n) | 67% (8) | 59% (40) | 0.75 |
|
| |||
| Race, % White (n) | 58% (7) | 78% (53) | 0.07 |
| % Black (n) | 0% (0) | 6% (4) | |
| % Asian (n) | 17% (2) | 12% (8) | |
| % Other (n) | 25% (3) | 4% (3) | |
|
| |||
| Ethnicity, % Hispanic (n) | 42% (5) | 32% (22) | 0.53 |
|
| |||
| Smoker, % current (n) | 8% (1) | 15% (10) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Location, % Miami (n) | 58% (7) | 43% (30) | 0.34 |
|
| |||
| Co-morbidities | |||
|
| |||
| Hypertension, % (n) | 0% (0) | 6% (4) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Sleep apnea using CPAP, % (n) | 0% (0) | 6% (4) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Migraine or headache, % (n) | 17% (2) | 16% (11) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Non-ocular pain conditiona, % (n) | 33% (4) | 35% (24) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Depression, PHQ-9, mean±SD | 4.5±4.9 | 2.4±2.9 | 0.14 |
|
| |||
| Depression (PHQ-9≥5), % (n) | 33% (4) | 21% (14) | 0.45 |
|
| |||
| Self-reported non ocular allergies, % (n) | 42% (5) | 32% (22) | 0.53 |
|
| |||
| Oral medications | |||
|
| |||
| Antidepressant, % (n) | 17% (2) | 15% (10) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Anxiolytic, % (n) | 17% (2) | 12% (8) | 0.64 |
|
| |||
| Anti-allergy medication, % (n) | 33% (4) | 10% (7) | 0.06 |
|
| |||
| Pre-surgery considerations | |||
|
| |||
| DEQ5, mean±SD | 4.9±2.6 | 2.9±2.9 | 0.03 |
|
| |||
| OSDI, mean±SD | 8.3±6.5 | 5.0±7.4 | 0.16 |
|
| |||
| NRS worst pain over past week, mean±SD | 1.0±1.2 | 0.4±0.8 | 0.01 |
|
| |||
| NRS worst pain over past week ≥3, % (n) | 17% (2) | 3% (2) | 0.11 |
|
| |||
| NPSI-Eye, mean±SD | 1.6±2.8 | 0.8±1.8 | 0.43 |
|
| |||
| Schirmerc, mean mm at 5 minutes ±SD | 16.5±10.3 | 15.8±10.3 | 0.92 |
|
| |||
| Schirmerc <5 mm at 5 minutes, % (n) | 17% (2) | 12% (8) | 0.64 |
|
| |||
| Self-reported ocular allergies, % (n) | 33% (4) | 13% (9) | 0.10 |
|
| |||
| Contact lens wear, % (n) | 75% (9) | 75% (51) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Surgical considerations | |||
|
| |||
| LASIK, % (n) | 92% (11) | 90% (61) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Myopic ablation, % (n) | 100% (12) | 97% (66) | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Spherical equivalent, more negative or positive value between eyes | |||
| Myopic, mean±SD | −3.5±1.3 | −4.3±1.7 | 0.11 |
| Hyperopic, mean±SD | N/A | +2.8±0.8 | NA |
|
| |||
| Flap depth, mean μm ±SD (in those who underwent LASIK) | 119±8.3 | 117±9.0 | 0.52 |
|
| |||
| NRS worst pain post-operative day 1, mean±SD | 6.3±2.4 | 4.0±3.0 | 0.02 |
|
| |||
| NRS≥3 post-operative day 1, % (n) | 92% (11) | 66% (45) | 0.10 |
|
| |||
| Ocular surface signs at 3 months | |||
|
| |||
| TBUTc, mean seconds ±SD | 6.8±1.9 | 8.0±3.3 | 0.31 |
|
| |||
| Corneal stainingb, mean ±SD | 1.6±2.2 | 1.6±2.2 | 0.95 |
|
| |||
| Schirmerc, mean mm at 5 minutes ±SD | 15.2±11.2 | 15.9±10.8 | 0.84 |
|
| |||
| Anterior blepharitisb, mean ±SD | 0.3±0.5 | 0.4±0.7 | 0.66 |
|
| |||
| Eyelid vascularityb, mean ±SD | 0.9±0.7 | 1.0±0.9 | 0.73 |
|
| |||
| Meibomian gland pluggingb, mean ±SD | 0.9±0.3 | 0.8±0.7 | 0.63 |
|
| |||
| Ocular surface signs at 6 months | |||
|
| |||
| TBUTc, mean seconds ±SD | 8.6±3.7 | 8.1±3.1 | 0.57 |
|
| |||
| Corneal stainingb, mean ±SD | 0.9±1.2 | 1.9±2.6 | 0.22 |
|
| |||
| Schirmerc, mean mm at 5 minutes ±SD | 15.7±10.2 | 14.5±9.9 | 0.71 |
|
| |||
| Anterior blepharitisb, mean ±SD | 0.6±0.7 | 0.4±0.7 | 0.38 |
|
| |||
| Eyelid vascularityb, mean ±SD | 0.8±0.6 | 0.9±0.9 | 0.71 |
|
| |||
| Meibomian gland pluggingb, mean ±SD | 1.0±0.6 | 1.0±0.6 | 0.48 |
Persistent post-operative pain defined as a Numerical Rating Scale score of worst pain intensity over a 1-week recall ≥3 at both 3- and 6-months post-surgery
SD=standard deviation; LASIK= laser assisted in situ keratomileusis; NRS=Numerical Rating Scale; DEQ5=5 item Dry Eye Questionnaires; OSDI=Ocular Surface Disease Index; NPSI-Eye=Neuropathic Pain Symptoms Inventory-Modified for the Eye; PHQ=Patient Health Questionnaire; CPAP=continuous positive airway pressure; N/A not applicable
Includes a yes response to ever having any of the following conditions for >3 months: Headache, arthritis, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorder, trigeminal neuralgia, low back pain, muscle pain, sciatica, shingles, post-surgical pain, tendonitis, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis
Higher value between the two eyes
Lower value between the two eyes